Century
19th century
The years 1801 – 1900. The atlas records 96,592 events begun in them: the most significant follow, region by region, with the realms of the age and its wonders, trade routes, faiths and great people.
- 1801 – 1900
- 96,592 events
- 31 realms
- Realms with a page of their own
- Others the atlas draws, from Cliopatria
Headlines
The most significant events, wherever they happened- 1861 – 1865American Civil WarWar · North America
- July 1871yenEvent · East Asia
- 1868 – 1889Meiji RestorationEvent · East Asia
- 1853 – 1856Crimean WarWar · Europe
- 25 April 1898Spanish–American WarWar · Mesoamerica and the Caribbean
- 1899 – 1901Boxer RebellionRebellion · East Asia
- 18 March 1871Paris CommuneRebellion · Europe
- 1857 – 1858Indian Mutiny of 1857War · South Asia
Around the world
The most significant of the rest, in each regionNorth Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Second Boer War1899 – 1902 · War1899 – 1902
- Battle of Adwa1 March 1896 · Battle1 March 1896
- Anglo-Zulu War11 January 1879 · War11 January 1879
- First Boer War1880 – 1881 · War1880 – 1881
- Atrocities in the Congo Free State1885 – 1908 · Attack1885 – 1908
- Battle of Rorke's Drift22 January 1879 · Battle22 January 1879
Middle East
- Greek War of Independence1821 – 1829 · War1821 – 1829
- Treaty of San Stefano3 March 1878 · Treaty3 March 1878
- Treaty of Turkmenchay10 February 1828 · Treaty10 February 1828
- Russo-Persian War of 1826–281826 – 1828 · War1826 – 1828
- Hamidian massacres1894 – 1897 · Attack1894 – 1897
- Orient Express1883 – 2009 · Event1883 – 2009
Europe
- Great Irish Famine1845 – 1852 · Natural disaster1845 – 1852
- Swiss franc7 May 1850 · Event7 May 1850
- Unification of Italy1815 – 1871 · Event1815 – 1871
- French invasion of Russia24 June 1812 · Conquest24 June 1812
- unification of Germany1866 – 1871 · Event1866 – 1871
- Battle of Waterloo18 June 1815 · Battle18 June 1815
Central Asia
South Asia
- First Anglo-Afghan War1839 – 1842 · War1839 – 1842
- Anglo-Nepalese War1814 – 1816 · War1814 – 1816
- Second Anglo-Sikh war1848 – 1849 · War1848 – 1849
- First Anglo-Sikh War1845 – 1846 · War1845 – 1846
- Battle of Saragarhi12 September 1897 · Battle12 September 1897
- Second Anglo-Maratha War1803 – 1805 · War1803 – 1805
East Asia
Southeast Asia
- 1883 eruption of Krakatoa20 May 1883 · Natural disaster20 May 1883
- Philippine peso1 May 1852 · Event1 May 1852
- Philippine Revolution1896 – 1898 · War1896 – 1898
- Philippine Declaration of Independence12 June 1898 · Event12 June 1898
- First Anglo-Burmese War1824 – 1826 · War1824 – 1826
- Battle of Manila Bay1 May 1898 · Battle1 May 1898
Mesoamerica and the Caribbean
South America
North America
- Louisiana Purchase30 April 1803 · Event30 April 1803
- Lewis and Clark Expedition1804 – 1806 · Exploration1804 – 1806
- Alaska Purchase30 March 1867 · Treaty30 March 1867
- Haymarket affair4 May 1886 · Rebellion4 May 1886
- Great Chicago Fire8 October 1871 · Event8 October 1871
- Reconstruction Era1863 – 1877 · Event1863 – 1877
Oceania
Realms of the age
Our civilizations alive in these years, by home region. Each track is the century, its bar the realm’s years.Sub-Saharan Africa
Kanem-Bornu Empire11th century – 1900
Ethiopian Empire1270 – 1975
Kingdom of Kongo1395 – 1914
Oyo Empire1400 – 1905
Sennar Sultanate1505 – 1821
Merina Kingdom1540 – 1897
Sultanate of Darfur1603 – 1916
Kingdom of Lunda1665 – 1884
Ashanti Empire1670 – 1902
Bamana Empire1712 – 1861
Sokoto Caliphate1804 – 1903
Middle East
Ottoman Empire1299 – 1922
Europe
Holy Roman Empire962 – 1806 CE
Russian Empire1721 – 1917
South Asia
Mughal Empire1526 – 1857
Maratha Empire1674 – 1818
Sikh Empire1733 – 1849
East Asia
Joseon1392 – 1897
Tokugawa shogunate1603 – 1867
Qing dynasty1616 – 1912
Southeast Asia
Champa192 – 1832 CE
Dai Viet1054 – 1805
Bruneian Sultanate1368 – 1888
Aceh Sultanate1496 – 1903
Nguyễn lords1558 – 1802
Konbaung dynasty1752 – 1885
Tây Sơn dynasty1778 – 1802
Nguyen dynasty1802 – 1945
French Indochina1887 – 1954
South America
Gran Colombia1819 – 1831
Empire of Brazil1822 – 1889
Wonders
Being built, or standingBuilt in these years
Standing
- The Pyramids of Gizac. 2600 – 2510 BCE · Giza, Egyptc. 2600 – 2510 BCE
- The Abu Simbel Templesc. 1264 – 1244 BCE · Abu Simbel, Egyptc. 1264 – 1244 BCE
- The Obelisk of Axumc. 300 CE · Axum, Ethiopiac. 300 CE
- The Church of Saint George, Lalibelac. 1200 – 1220 · Lalibela, Ethiopiac. 1200 – 1220
- Great Zimbabwec. 1200 – 1400 · Masvingo, Zimbabwec. 1200 – 1400
- The Great Mosque of Djennéc. 1250 · Djenné, Malic. 1250
- The Ziggurat of Urc. 2100 – 2050 BCE · Nasiriyah, Iraqc. 2100 – 2050 BCE
- The Ishtar Gatec. 575 – 569 BCE · Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germanyc. 575 – 569 BCE
- Al-Khazneh, Petrac. 1 CE · Petra, Jordanc. 1 CE
- The Dome of the Rock691 – 692 CE · Jerusalem691 – 692 CE
- Stonehengec. 2600 – 2400 BCE · Wiltshire, Englandc. 2600 – 2400 BCE
- The Parthenon447 – 432 BCE · Athens, Greece447 – 432 BCE
- The Colosseum72 – 80 CE · Rome, Italy72 – 80 CE
- Hagia Sophia532 – 537 CE · Istanbul, Turkey532 – 537 CE
- Notre-Dame de Paris1163 – 1260 · Paris, France1163 – 1260
- The Leaning Tower of Pisa1173 – 1372 · Pisa, Italy1173 – 1372
- Saint Basil's Cathedral1555 – 1561 · Moscow, Russia1555 – 1561
- The Church of the Transfiguration, Kizhi1714 · Kizhi Island, Karelia, Russia1714
- The Great Stupa at Sanchic. 250 – 50 BCE · Sanchi, Indiac. 250 – 50 BCE
- The Brihadisvara Temple1003 – 1010 · Thanjavur, India1003 – 1010
- Qutb Minar1199 – 1220 · Delhi, India1199 – 1220
- The Taj Mahal1632 – 1653 · Agra, India1632 – 1653
- The Great Wall of Chinac. 221 – 210 BCE · Mutianyu, Beijing, Chinac. 221 – 210 BCE
- The Great Buddha Hall of Tōdai-ji745 – 758 CE · Nara, Japan745 – 758 CE
- The Forbidden City1406 – 1420 · Beijing, China1406 – 1420
- Himeji Castle1601 – 1609 · Himeji, Japan1601 – 1609
- The Potala Palace1645 – 1694 · Lhasa, Tibet, China1645 – 1694
- Borobudurc. 780 – 833 CE · Magelang, Indonesiac. 780 – 833 CE
- Angkor Watc. 1113 – 1150 · Siem Reap, Cambodiac. 1113 – 1150
- The Temple of Literature1070 · Hanoi, Vietnam1070
- The Pyramid of the Sunc. 200 CE · Teotihuacan, Mexicoc. 200 CE
- Tikal Temple Ic. 734 – 745 CE · Petén, Guatemalac. 734 – 745 CE
- El Castillo, Chichén Itzác. 900 – 1000 CE · Yucatán, Mexicoc. 900 – 1000 CE
- Machu Picchuc. 1450 – 1470 · Cusco Region, Peruc. 1450 – 1470
- Monks Mound, Cahokiac. 900 – 1200 CE · Collinsville, Illinois, USAc. 900 – 1200 CE
- The Moai of Ahu Tongarikic. 1250 – 1500 · Rapa Nui, Chilec. 1250 – 1500
Trade routes
Carrying trade in these years- Black Ball LineOpenedc. 1818 – 1878 · by seac. 1818 – 1878
- Santa Fe TrailOpened1821 – 1880 · by land1821 – 1880
- Old Spanish TrailOpenedc. 1829 – 1855 · by landc. 1829 – 1855
- East African caravan routeOpenedc. 1830 – 1912 · by land and seac. 1830 – 1912
- Clipper RouteOpenedc. 1850 – 1939 · by seac. 1850 – 1939
- Suez Canal RouteOpened1869 – today · by sea and river1869 – today
- Grand Trunk Roadc. 500 BCE – today · by landc. 500 BCE – today
- Trans-Saharan tradec. 500 BCE – 1900 CE · by land and riverc. 500 BCE – 1900 CE
- Darb el-Arbaʽin (Forty Days Road)c. 200 BCE – today · by landc. 200 BCE – today
- Grand Canal609 CE – today · by river609 CE – today
- Tea Horse Roadc. 618 CE – 1949 · by landc. 618 CE – 1949
- Via Regiac. 800 CE – 1815 · by landc. 800 CE – 1815
- Atlantic slave trade1525 – 1867 · by sea1525 – 1867
- Manila galleons1565 – 1815 · by land and sea1565 – 1815
- Levant Company trade1581 – 1825 · by land and sea1581 – 1825
- Azalai salt caravansc. 1590 – today · by landc. 1590 – today
- Camino Real de Tierra Adentro1598 – 1882 · by land1598 – 1882
- East India Company Route1601 – 1833 · by sea1601 – 1833
- Canadian fur trade routesc. 1610 – 1880 · by sea and riverc. 1610 – 1880
- Estrada Realc. 1697 – 1822 · by land and seac. 1697 – 1822
- Macassan trepang tradec. 1720 – 1907 · by seac. 1720 – 1907
- Tea Roadc. 1727 – 1905 · by land and riverc. 1727 – 1905
- Canton trade1757 – 1842 · by sea and river1757 – 1842
- Maritime fur tradec. 1785 – 1840 · by sea and riverc. 1785 – 1840
Faiths on the move
Where each faith arrived in these years- HinduismReached Singapore (1819), Mauritius (Port Louis) (1834), British Guiana (Georgetown) (1838) and 7 more
- JudaismReached Argentina (Buenos Aires) (1862)
- ZoroastrianismReached Tehran (c. 1850) and London (1861)
- JainismReached Kenya (Mombasa) (c. 1899)
- BuddhismReached Hawaii (Hilo) (1889), Bodh Gaya (1891) and San Francisco (1899)
- ConfucianismReached Singapore (1819) and Batavia (1900)
- ChristianityReached Madagascar (Antananarivo) (1820), Hawaii (Honolulu) (1820), Tonga (Nukuʻalofa) (1826) and 5 more
- TaoismReached Singapore (c. 1821) and San Francisco (1852)
- ShintoReached Hokkaido (Sapporo) (1869), Taiwan (Taihoku) (1895), Korea (Keijō) (1898) and Hawaii (Hilo) (1898)
- IslamReached Australia (Adelaide) (1866)
- SikhismReached Peshawar (1834), Hong Kong (1867), Malaya (Singapore) (1881) and 2 more
- Bahá'í FaithBegan at Baghdad (1863). Reached Adrianople (1863), Iran (Tehran) (c. 1866), Egypt (Cairo) (c. 1867) and 5 more
Great people
Alive in these years, in the halls of the Agora of Ages- 1732 – 1809Joseph Haydn'Father of the symphony' and of the string quartetComposers
- 1736 – 1819James WattImproved steam engine; the Industrial RevolutionInventors & Engineers
- 1749 – 1832Johann Wolfgang von GoetheFaust, The Sorrows of Young WertherWriters & Poets
- 1751 – 1836James Madison4th president; father of the Constitution and the Bill of RightsAmerican Presidents
- 1760 – 1802Trần Quang DiệuOne of the Tây Sơn's 'Seven Tiger Generals'; besieged Quy Nhơn (1799–1801)Vietnamese Commanders
- c. 1763 – 1832Lê Văn DuyệtNguyễn Ánh's marshal in the Tây Sơn wars; later viceroy of Gia ĐịnhVietnamese Commanders
- 1767 – 1845Andrew Jackson7th president; general at New Orleans; Indian Removal ActAmerican Presidents
- 1769 – 1859Alexander von HumboldtScientific exploration of the Americas; biogeographyExplorers
- Napoleon Bonaparte1769 – 1821 · Emperor of the French; Austerlitz, the Napoleonic Code1769 – 1821
- Ludwig van Beethoven1770 – 1827 · Nine symphonies; bridge from Classical to Romantic1770 – 1827
- Michael Faraday1791 – 1867 · Electromagnetic induction; electrochemistry1791 – 1867
- Charles Babbage1791 – 1871 · Difference and Analytical Engines1791 – 1871
- Franz Schubert1797 – 1828 · Lieder, symphonies, chamber music1797 – 1828
- Nguyễn Tri Phương1800 – 1873 · Commanded against the French at Đà Nẵng (1858), Saigon (1861) and Hà Nội (1873)1800 – 1873
- Bùi Thị Xuândied 1802 · Tây Sơn general who led its war elephants; executed after Trấn Ninh (1802)died 1802
- Victor Hugo1802 – 1885 · Les Misérables, Notre-Dame de Paris1802 – 1885
- Isambard Kingdom Brunel1806 – 1859 · Great Western Railway, SS Great Britain, Clifton Bridge1806 – 1859
- Abraham Lincoln1809 – 1865 · 16th president; preserved the Union, abolished slavery1809 – 1865
- Charles Darwin1809 – 1882 · Evolution by natural selection1809 – 1882
- Frédéric Chopin1810 – 1849 · Poet of the piano1810 – 1849
- Richard Wagner1813 – 1883 · Music dramas; the Ring cycle1813 – 1883
- Giuseppe Verdi1813 – 1901 · Italian opera; Rigoletto, Aida, Otello1813 – 1901
- Ada Lovelace1815 – 1852 · First published computer algorithm1815 – 1852
- Trương Định1820 – 1864 · Led the guerrilla war against the French round Gò Công (1859–1864)1820 – 1864
- Louis Pasteur1822 – 1895 · Germ theory; vaccination; pasteurisation1822 – 1895
- Võ Duy Dương1827 – 1866 · Fought the French from the Đồng Tháp Mười marshes (1862–1866)1827 – 1866
- Leo Tolstoy1828 – 1910 · War and Peace, Anna Karenina1828 – 1910
- Hoàng Diệu1829 – 1882 · Governor who held the citadel of Hà Nội against the French (1882)1829 – 1882
- Nguyễn Hữu Huân1830 – 1875 · Led three risings against the French round Mỹ Tho (1861–1875)1830 – 1875
- James A. Garfield1831 – 1881 · 20th president; shot four months into his term1831 – 1881
- James Clerk Maxwell1831 – 1879 · Electromagnetic theory; Maxwell's equations1831 – 1879
- Benjamin Harrison1833 – 1901 · 23rd president; Sherman Antitrust Act1833 – 1901
- Johannes Brahms1833 – 1897 · Symphonies, concertos, A German Requiem1833 – 1897
- Nguyễn Trung Trực1838 – 1868 · Burned the French ship Espérance (1861); took the fort at Rạch Giá (1868)1838 – 1868
- Tôn Thất Thuyết1839 – 1913 · Regent who led the attack on the French at Huế and the Cần Vương (1885)1839 – 1913
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky1840 – 1893 · Ballets, symphonies, concertos1840 – 1893
- Đinh Công Tráng1842 – 1887 · Led the defence of Ba Đình against the French (1886–1887)1842 – 1887
- Nguyễn Thiện Thuậtc. 1844 – 1926 · Led the Bãi Sậy rising against the French (1885–1889)c. 1844 – 1926
- Phan Đình Phùng1847 – 1895 · Led the Hương Khê rising of the Cần Vương (1885–1895)1847 – 1895
- Thomas Edison1847 – 1931 · Phonograph, practical electric light, Menlo Park laboratory1847 – 1931
- Nikola Tesla1856 – 1943 · Alternating current, induction motor, radio1856 – 1943
- Hoàng Hoa Thám1858 – 1913 · Held out against the French in Yên Thế for nearly thirty years (to 1913)1858 – 1913
- Rabindranath Tagore1861 – 1941 · Gitanjali1861 – 1941
- Cao Thắng1864 – 1893 · Phan Đình Phùng's commander; had rifles made for the Hương Khê rising1864 – 1893
- Marie Curie1867 – 1934 · Radioactivity; polonium and radium; two Nobel Prizes1867 – 1934
- Wilbur & Orville WrightWilbur 1867 – 1912; Orville 1871 – 1948 · First controlled powered flight (1903)Wilbur 1867 – 1912; Orville 1871 – 1948
- Roald Amundsen1872 – 1928 · First to reach the South Pole (1911); Northwest Passage1872 – 1928
- Albert Einstein1879 – 1955 · Relativity; photoelectric effect; E = mc²1879 – 1955
- Franklin D. Roosevelt1882 – 1945 · 32nd president; New Deal, Second World War1882 – 1945
- Niels Bohr1885 – 1962 · Quantum model of the atom1885 – 1962
- Dwight D. Eisenhower1890 – 1969 · 34th president; Supreme Allied Commander in Europe1890 – 1969
- Georgy Zhukov1896 – 1974 · Marshal of the Soviet Union; Stalingrad, Kursk, Berlin1896 – 1974
