The bombardment of Tartar (Azerbaijani: Tərtərin bombalanması) was the bombardment of the cities, towns, and villages in Tartar District of Azerbaijan by the Armenian Armed Forces and the Artsakh Defence Army with artillery, missiles, and cluster munitions during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. The bombardment of the district started on the second day of the war, on 28 September, when the Armenian forces shelled the city of Tartar, the administrative center of the district, and Shikharkh, which was built for the Azerbaijani refugees of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Parts of the city of Tartar and around had a sizable military presence from Azerbaijan. Throughout the war, the city was frequently shelled by Armenian forces. The bombardment caused widespread destruction and many civilian deaths. Thousands of people became refugees, making the city of Tartar a ghost town, and fled to neighboring cities, such as Barda, which was also targeted by the Armenian forces with cluster missiles. The Azerbaijani authorities stated that the Armenian forces had fired 15,500 shells on the territory of Tartar District until 29 October, with over 2,000 shells being fired upon Tartar in some days. Official Azerbaijani figures list over a thousand civilian objects, including schools, hospitals, and government buildings that were either damaged or destroyed during the bombardment.
Human Rights Watch confirmed many of the targeted attacks on civilians and civilian objects, such as kindergartens and hospitals, by the Armenian forces. It also stated that the Armenian military forces had carried out indiscriminate rocket and missile strikes on the Azerbaijani territories, and that such indiscriminate attacks were war crimes. Ilham Aliyev accused Armenia of "trying to turn Tartar to the next Aghdam." Turkey also condemned the Armenian shelling of a cemetery in Tartar during a funeral ceremony, which foreign journalists at scene and Human Rights Watch confirmed.
The bombardment of the city of Tartar, as well as Azerbaijani towns and villages in the district of same name stopped on 10 November, when Armenia signed a ceasefire agreement with Azerbaijan with Russia's mediation, ending all hostilities in the region.
Background
Tartar is a district of Azerbaijan, consisting of the former Tartar Rayon and a part of former Mardakert District of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. Since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, most of it has been under the control of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, governed as part of its Martakert Province. IDPs from Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories were moved to the district from tent settlements around the country to live in new houses built by the government. Tartar District was home to a population of 105 thousand people in early 2020, with its administrative center, the city of Tartar, being about 90 kilometres (56 mi) far from Nagorno-Karabakh.
The disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, with its ethnic Armenian majority, is a de jure part of Azerbaijan, but is de facto held by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, which is supported by Armenia. Ethnic violence began in the late 1980s, and exploded into a war following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. On 20 February 1988, the Soviet of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast passed a resolution requesting transfer of the oblast from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenia SSR; Azerbaijan rejected the request. Following the revoking of Nagorno-Karabakh's autonomous status, an independence referendum was held on 10 December 1991 which was boycotted by the Azerbaijani population which then constituted around 22.8% of Nagorno-Karabakh's population; as a result, 99.8% voted in favor. Both Armenia and Azerbaijan then became independent of the Soviet Union as the results of referendums in 1991 and their independence were internationally recognized in 1992.
The First Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in the displacement of 750,000 Azerbaijanis overall, with roughly 600,000 of them being from Nagorno-Karabakh and the seven surrounding districts, which were majority-Azeri, essentially cleansing all of the occupied territories from its Azerbaijani inhabitants. Similarly, 353,000 Armenians had to flee from Azerbaijan. The war ended with a ceasefire in 1994, with the unrecognised Republic of Artsakh in control of most of the Nagorno-Karabakh region, as well as occupying the surrounding districts of Agdam, Jabrayil, Fuzuli, Kalbajar, Qubadli, Lachin and Zangilan of Azerbaijan and the Lachin Corridor – a mountain pass that links Nagorno-Karabakh with mainland Armenia.
For three decades multiple violations of the ceasefire occurred, the most serious being the four-day 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Surveys indicated that the inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh did not want to be part of Azerbaijan, and in August 2019, in a declaration in favour of unification, the Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan stated "Artsakh is Armenia, full stop". Further skirmishes occurred on the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan in July 2020.
On 27 September 2020, clashes broke out in the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which was mostly de facto controlled by Artsakh, but de jure a part of Azerbaijan, which soon escalated to a war.
Bombardment
September
On 28 September, the Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian forces shelled the city of Tartar at about 11:00. The Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan also stated that following the Armenian shelling, a textile shop in Tartar District was damaged. Moreover, according to the Azerbaijani authorities, a police department in the city of Tartar and Shikharkh, a town created for the Azerbaijani refugees of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, were also shelled. In response, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence (MoD) stated that it gave the "last warning to Armenia that adequate retaliatory measures will be taken against them if needed". At about 19:00, the Armenian shelling in Shikharkh, hitting the yard of an apartment building, killed two civilians and injured two more. The Human Rights Watch confirmed the attack on 8 November, and visited the area to observe damage consistent with artillery shelling.
On 30 September, the Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian forces had heavily shelled the city of Tartar at about 08:00 in the morning. According to the Azerbaijani authorities, an artillery projectile exploded near the government buildings, injuring seven civilians.
October
On 1 October, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that starting from the morning, the Armenian forces shelled the city of Tartar. The Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan also stated that at about 09:00, the Armenian shelling killed a civilian in the city and badly damaged the train station there. The Ministry of Education of Azerbaijan then stated that the Armenian shelling wounded a teacher from a secondary school in Seydimli, and that six schools were destroyed in the district since 27 September.
The following day, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces were heavily shelling the city of Tartar and Shikharkh. The same ministry also stated that the Armenian shelling had damaged a kindergarten in Shikharkh, which was confirmed by the Human Rights Watch. On 4 October, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces had rocketed Tartar District, wounding civilians. The next day, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces had shelled the city of Tartar starting from the morning. On 7 October, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian shelling of Tartar was continuing. The following day, the Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian forces had rocketed the city of Tartar with BM-21 Grad missile launchers, accusing the Armenian military leadership of "targeting civilians with precision-guided missiles." On 9-10 and 12 October, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces were shelling Tartar District at noon. while the Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan stated that the shelling had injured a civilian on the 10th and another during the shelling of Kangarli on the 12th.
The following day, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces were shelling Tartar District starting from the morning. On 14 October, local Azerbaijani journalists reported that the Armenian forces had shelled Duyarly, with one of the artiller shells completely destroying a shopping center, and another damaging a secondary school. Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan then stated that in Duyarly, one government official was wounded, while in Asgarli, another government official was wounded, alongside 5 other civilians. Also, according to the Azerbaijani authorities, a journalist working for the AzTV was wounded during the shelling.
On 15 October, the Armenian forces shelled a cemetery 400 metres (1,300 ft) north of the city of Tartar during a funeral ceremony, killing 4 civilians and injuring 4 more. This was confirmed by local journalists, TV Rain, and the Human Rights Watch. The Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan also confirmed that the cemetery was shelled in the morning.
On 18 October, local Azerbaijani journalists reported that the Armenian shelling in the city of Tartar severely damaged a secondary school. The following day, local Azerbaijani journalists reported that the Armenian shelling continued, injuring a civilian in Alasgarli. On 20 October, Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian forces were shelling Tartar District starting from the morning, and that at about 15:00, the Armenian shelling in Jamilli killed two civilians, wounding another. The Azerbaijani MoD then stated that the Armenian forces had rocketed and shelled Tartar District in the afternoon. The next day, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces had shelled the settlements in the Tartar District starting from the morning. On 23 October, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces had shelled the settlements in the Tartar District in the morning. According to the Human Rights Watch, the satellite imagery recorded on that day showed substantial damage and cratering from shelling throughout the city of Tartar. Also, hundreds of craters consistent with heavy artillery shelling were concentrated in Shikharkh.
The following day, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces had rocketed and shelled the settlements in the Tartar District in the morning. Then, the Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian forces had fired a BM-30 Smerch missiles on the city of Tartar, killing a 16-year-old boy. This was confirmed by Human Rights Watch. According to HRW, the Armenian forces had launched a cluster munition attack on Khoruzlu, a village of 290 people in the district, killing the 16-year-old boy. HRW also reported that it did not see any military installations or transport in the vicinity of the site. On 25 October, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces were shelling the settlements in the Tartar District at noon. The same ministry yet again stated that the Armenian forces were shelling the settlements in the Tartar District next day, while the Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian shelling was accompanied by missiles, which continued in the afternoon. The Azerbaijani MoD then stated that the Armenian forces had rocketed the city of Tartar by using BM-30 Smerch multiple rocket launchers, adding that the Azerbaijani air defence units had neutralized one of the missiles launched on the city. On 27 and 28 October, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the shelling of Tartar District continued. At afternoon, according to the Azerbaijani authorities, the Armenian forces had shelled the settlements in the Tartar District. Also, according to the Azerbaijani MoD, the Armenian forces had rocketed the city of Tartar and villages of the Tartar district from the BM-30 Smerch multiple-launch missile system on 28 October. There are no casualties. The Azerbaijani authorities then stated that the Armenian forces again shelled Tartar District, and then rocketed it with BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers and howitzers.
On 29 October, Head of the Foreign Policy Department of the Azerbaijani Presidential Administration, Hikmet Hajiyev, visited Tartar together with representatives of media and diplomatic corps. During the visit, the Azerbaijani authorities stated that the Armenian forces continued to shell the city, and Hajiyev stated that the Armenian leadership has "become so insolent, that its armed forces shelled Tartar even when diplomats were there." According to the Azerbaijani MoD, the shelling continued in the afternoon.
The following day, the Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan released a photo, showing an unexploded Smerch missile, apparently in Alasgarli. On 31 October, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian shelling of Tartar District restarted in the morning.
November
On 1 November, the Azerbaijani MoD stated that the Armenian forces had shelled the city of Tartar, as well as Shikharkh. The next day, the same ministry stated that heavy Armenian shelling continued in Shikharkh, Gazyan and Gapanli. On 3 November, local Azerbaijani journalists reported that the Armenian forces had shelled another cemetery, this time in Sahlabad. According to a Trend News Agency correspondent at scene, the shelling completely destroyed 65 graves, and another 100 were damaged.
On the same day, Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action (ANAMA) found unexploded white phosphorus munitions in Sahlabad, which, according to Azerbaijan, was fired by the Armenian forces. Azerbaijani authorities had also stated that the Armenian forces were transporting white phosphorus into the region. Later on, Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan filed a lawsuit, accusing the Armenian Armed Forces of using phosphorus ammunition in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as in Tartar District, and chemical munitions to "inflict large-scale and long-term harm to the environment" in Fuzuli and Tartar Districts, as well as around Shusha.