From February 26 to March 9, 2025, members of the Liberal Party of Canada voted on a successor for Justin Trudeau after he announced his intent to resign as the party leader and prime minister of Canada.
Mark Carney, the former governor of the Bank of Canada, won the ranked-choice voting (RCV) election with over 85% of the first-preference vote and points, as well as a majority in all 343 ridings. This margin of victory surpassed Justin Trudeau's 2013 leadership victory margin in vote share, points, and ridings.
Carney was sworn in as prime minister on March 14, the first prime minister in Canadian history to not have previously held elected office. Carney subsequently called and won a snap federal election, with Carney winning the Ottawa riding of Nepean.
Background
In 2013, Justin Trudeau was elected as the leader of the Liberal Party. He led the party to victory in the 2015 federal election, with a majority government, and was re-elected in 2019 and 2021 with minority governments. On March 22, 2022, the Liberals reached a confidence and supply agreement with the New Democratic Party (NDP), who agreed to support the Liberal government until June 2025 in exchange for specific policy commitments.
Throughout 2024, public support for the Liberal Party declined. The party defended three seats in by-elections that year, losing all three. The first came on June 24, with the Toronto—St. Paul's by-election. The seat was vacated by former minister Carolyn Bennett and was considered a safe seat for the Liberals, having been represented by the Liberals since 1993. The by-election was treated by some voters as a "referendum" on Trudeau's premiership. In the aftermath of the loss, Wayne Long publicly called on Trudeau to resign, the first Liberal MP to do so. The Liberals lost a second by-election on September 16, the LaSalle—Émard—Verdun by-election. The seat had been vacated by former minister David Lametti and was also considered a safe seat; senior Liberal figures had considered the by-election a "must-win". On December 16, the Liberals lost a third by-election, the Cloverdale—Langley City by-election, a seat vacated by former Liberal MP John Aldag.
On September 4, the NDP withdrew from their confidence-and-supply agreement with the Liberals, though they did not commit to a motion of non-confidence.
In October, Trudeau faced a caucus revolt when 24 Liberal MPs signed a letter demanding his resignation. However, Trudeau was defiant and unequivocal in his plans to lead the party in the next election. The dissident MPs continued to push for a caucus vote on Trudeau's leadership, though there is no formal mechanism in the party to force one.
Resignation of Chrystia Freeland
On December 16, hours before the government's fall economic statement, Chrystia Freeland, the minister of finance and deputy prime minister, resigned due to her opposition to Trudeau's fiscal policy. The move was unexpected, particularly since Freeland was seen as a Trudeau loyalist, and led to further calls for Trudeau to step down.
Four days later, on December 20, Trudeau conducted a major cabinet reshuffle. Nevertheless, pressure on Trudeau continued to build. By December 22, 21 MPs publicly called for Trudeau to step down, and 50 had expressed so within caucus. The NDP publicly committed to introducing a non-confidence motion against the government. The Ontario, Atlantic and Quebec regional caucuses called on Trudeau to resign on December 21, 23 and 31, respectively. On January 3, 2025, the Liberal caucus regional chairs met and called an emergency national Liberal caucus meeting, set for January 8, 2025.
On January 6, 2025, Trudeau announced his intention to resign as party leader and prime minister shortly after his successor is chosen.
Electoral system
Under the procedure outlined by the party's constitution, all registered Liberals were eligible to vote directly for leader by preferential ballot if they were registered at least 41 days before the day of the leadership vote. The three criteria for registration as a Liberal were: (1) the registrant must either be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident of Canada or have status under the Indian Act; (2) the registrant must not be a member of another political party; and (3) the registrant must be a minimum of 14 years old. As of the January 27, 2025, registration deadline, there were approximately 400,000 registered voters eligible to cast ballots.
To be nominated, a candidate was required to collect 300 signatures from registered Liberals, including at least 100 from three different provinces or territories.
Candidates were required to pay a $350,000 entrance fee to run. The fee was to be paid in four instalments between January 23 and February 17, 2025, with only the initial $50,000 instalment being refundable.
The voting system used was instant-runoff voting, weighted so that each electoral district was equal. For each of the 343 electoral districts, 100 "points" were allocated to the candidates in proportion to the number of first-preference votes received from voters resident in that electoral district. To win, 17,151 points were required. If no candidate had received a majority of points on the first count, the candidate with the fewest points would have been eliminated and a second count conducted, with the 100 points for each electoral district allocated to the remaining candidates according to the voters' first preference among remaining candidates. This process would then have continued until one candidate received a majority of points.
Campaign
Following Trudeau's announcement, political commentators suggested that several figures were likely candidates: Anita Anand, Mark Carney, François-Philippe Champagne, Christy Clark, Chrystia Freeland, Mélanie Joly and Dominic LeBlanc. Other possible candidates named were Sean Fraser, Karina Gould and Jonathan Wilkinson. Freeland, a leading member of Trudeau's government, had been seen as a "possible heir apparent" as far back as 2021. After her resignation from cabinet, some MPs voiced their support for her to replace Trudeau. LeBlanc, another key member of Trudeau's cabinet and a leadership candidate in 2009, had reportedly been organizing a leadership campaign in April 2024, in the event Trudeau stepped down. Carney, the former governor of the Bank of Canada, had been courted by the party for the leadership in 2012, and had been rumoured as a star candidate in the 2021 election. In November 2024, Carney did not rule out a future leadership bid. Clark, the premier of British Columbia from 2011 to 2017, had called on Trudeau to step down on multiple occasions since 2022, and in October 2024, publicly expressed interest in leading the party. Anand, Champagne and Joly were also widely believed to harbour leadership ambitions.
The same day as Trudeau's announcement, Frank Baylis announced his intention to run for leader. Baylis, the MP for Pierrefonds—Dollard from 2015 to 2019, had publicly mulled a leadership run since June 26, 2024, after the party lost the Toronto—St. Paul's by-election. On January 9, Chandra Arya, MP for Nepean, announced his leadership bid.
In an interview on January 10 with CBC Radio's The House, Clark confirmed she was seriously considering running for the leadership. Addressing her endorsement of Jean Charest in the 2022 Conservative leadership election, Clark claimed to have only done so to oppose Pierre Poilievre, and insisted she had never actually been a member of the Conservative Party. Following the interview, a spokesman from the Conservative Party provided a screenshot of their records showing that Clark had been a member; Clark responded, saying she had "misspoke". Four days later, on January 14, Clark announced she would not run for leader, citing the short length of the race and insufficient French.
On January 13, Jaime Battiste, MP for Sydney—Victoria, announced his campaign. If elected, Battiste, who is Mi'kmaw, would have become the first Indigenous prime minister. Though he acknowledged his bid was a longshot, he hoped it would inspire other Indigenous people and pave the way for future candidates. Battiste was also motivated by Fraser declining to run, and hoped to be a voice for the Atlantic provinces in the contest. On January 14, it was reported that Gould was preparing a leadership bid. Gould was the incumbent government house leader and had previously headed several ministries.
Carney announced his candidacy on January 16. Freeland announced her candidacy on January 17. Gould announced her candidacy on January 18. Former MP Ruby Dhalla announced her campaign on January 24.
On January 25, Arya was disqualified by the party. Arya did not elaborate on why the party had disqualified him. In a response to media inquiries, a Liberal Party spokesman cited a section of the party rules that state a candidate can be barred if a vetting committee finds a candidate "manifestly unfit for the office of Leader of the Party", but did not elaborate on what specifically were the disqualifying factors.
By January 27, the remaining six prospective candidates — Battiste, Baylis, Carney, Dhalla, Freeland and Gould — were approved by the party.
Three days later, on January 30, Jaime Battiste withdrew his candidacy after failing to raise the second instalment of $50,000. He endorsed Mark Carney. The following month, on February 21, Dhalla was disqualified by the party due to multiple allegations of irregularities in her campaign. Dhalla denied the allegations and appealed the verdict. Her appeal was rejected by the party on February 24.
The French and English debates took place on February 24 and 25 respectively. Both debates covered four themes but primarily focused on US–Canada relations. During the French debate, while talking about the Gaza–Israel conflict, Mark Carney misspoke by saying "We agree with Hamas" instead of "We agree about Hamas". Conservatives were quickly critical, but he was largely defended by Liberals.
The day after the debates were over, the party allowed members to start voting. There were complaints about some of the party membership having issues with the online voting system.
The results were announced on March 9 at the Rogers Centre in Ottawa. At the leadership convention, Trudeau, former prime minister Jean Chrétien, and every candidate delivered speeches.