The MacDonald House bombing was a terrorist attack that occurred in Singapore on 10 March 1965 at 15:07 local time. A bomb that was planted in MacDonald House at Orchard Road exploded, instantly killing two and injuring 33 others. Part of the building was also damaged by the bomb. A third victim of the bombing died after being in a coma for two days. As it was planted by Indonesian marines Harun bin Said and Osman bin Haji Muhammad Ali, the bombing affected bilateral relationships between Indonesia and Singapore.
The nitroglycerin bomb was planted as part of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (Konfrontasi), a conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia over Indonesia's opposition to the creation of Malaysia. At the time, Singapore was still an autonomous state within Malaysia. The men were originally instructed to bomb a power station but went to MacDonald House instead. At the time, the building was used by the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank (HSBC), the Australian High Commission and the Japanese Consulate. Both marines subsequently attempted to flee Singapore but were apprehended by the Police Coast Guard. They were charged with the murders of three victims, although the bombing itself was not mentioned in the charges. They were put on trial in the High Court and after a 13-day trial, were found guilty of charges of murder and sentenced to death. Despite multiple appeals, including a clemency plea from Indonesian president Suharto, they were hanged on 17 October 1968, causing about 300 students to raid the Singapore Embassy in Jakarta.
Following the bombing, security measures for buildings increased, particularly regarding packages. The bombing strained bilateral relationships between Indonesia and Singapore until 1973, when Singaporean prime minister Lee Kuan Yew went to Indonesia and scattered flowers over the marines' graves, largely restoring bilateral relationships between the two countries. Singapore–Indonesia bilateral relationships were affected again in 2014 following the naming of the KRI Usman Harun, which was named after Harun and Osman. Indonesia officially apologised for the naming but clarified it was irreversible. A memorial at Dhoby Ghaut Green dedicated to the victims of the Konfrontasi was opened in 2015.
Background
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (also called the Konfrontasi) was a conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia that took place between 1963 and 1966. The Konfrontasi was started by Indonesia since it opposed the formation of Malaysia, perceiving it to be a "neo-colonial project" of the British. Indonesian saboteurs mounted a campaign of terror in Singapore, then a major state and city within Malaysia. There were a total of 37 bombings from 1963 to 1966. The saboteurs were trained to attack military installations and public utilities. However, when the saboteurs failed in their attempts to attack these heavily guarded installations, they set off bombs indiscriminately to create panic and disrupt life in Singapore and Malaysia.
By 1964, bomb explosions had become frequent. To help the police and army defend Singapore from these attacks, a volunteer force was set up. More than 10,000 people signed up as volunteers. Community centers served as bases for volunteers to patrol their neighbourhoods. In schools, students underwent bomb drills. The government also warned Singaporeans not to handle any suspicious-looking parcels in buildings in the streets. Despite the efforts of the British, small groups of saboteurs managed to infiltrate the island and plant bombs. By March 1965, a total of 29 bombs had been set off in Singapore.
MacDonald House
The MacDonald House is a 10-storey office building in Orchard Road, Singapore. Built for the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank (HSBC), it was the first building in Southeast Asia to be air-conditioned. Land for the building was acquired in 1946 and work on the building began in May 1947. The building opened on 2 July 1949 and was given its name after then-Governor General of Singapore Malcolm MacDonald. At the time of the bombing, it housed the Australian High Commission, which had relocated to the building from Robinson Road in September 1951, and the Japanese Consulate. It was located just 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) from Istana Negara Singapura, the official residence of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore.
Attack
The two Indonesian marines, Harun Said and Osman bin Haji Mohamed Ali had arrived in Singapore from Java at 11:00 am, wearing civilian clothes and planted the bomb. They had been instructed to bomb an electric power house but instead headed to MacDonald House and planted the bomb at the mezzanine floor. Goh Nam Soon, a food hawker, smelled a scent similar to "tyres being burnt" and went to the building to investigate. He discovered in a dark corner of the mezzanine, there was a bag with smoke coming out of it and a "hissing" sound, and decided to inform George Conceicao, a staff officer of HSBC, of the "evil smelling smoke". Multiple other witnesses also noticed the smell.
Explosion
At 15:07 SST (UTC+08:00), the bomb exploded. The bank had closed for business 7 minutes earlier and 150 employees were there at the time of the explosion. The bomb instantly killed two people: 36-year old Elizabeth Suzie Choo, a secretary to the bank manager, and 23-year old Juliet Koh, a clerk, as well as injuring at least 33 others. The Straits Times speculated that "many more would have been killed or injured if the bomb had gone off 10 minutes later". It was also reported by The Straits Times that many workers initially thought it was a thunderclap as it was raining heavily at the time. The bomb damaged parts of the building, including an inner wall at the mezzanine floor, lift doors, and windows up to the ninth floor. It also caused an elevator to fall to the basement, with the occupants having to pry open the doors. The surroundings of the building werealso affected by the explosion; the windscreens of cars were shattered and neon signs fell to the ground. Later examination of the building showed that about 9 to 11 kilograms (20 to 24 lb) of nitroglycerine explosives were used for the bomb.
By 3:30 pm, the Reserve Unit arrived at the site to control the crowd, with policemen already diverting traffic in Penang Road and Tank Road. A station wagon belonging to the Australian High Commission had to be pushed from the middle of the road to the side to let ambulances pass. High-ranking police officers from Pearl's Hill was soon at the scene, followed by the British Army's bomb disposal squad. Around that time, the General Hospital was "crammed" with relatives and friends of the injured, with all doctors and nurses activated for emergency duties. In MacDonald House, workers in the upper floor were ordered to vacate the building via the fire escape at the back due to the possibility of a second bomb or more walls collapsing. Once the building was cleared, only policemen and foreign news correspondents were allowed in, with local news correspondents driven, including a Sin Chew Jit Poh reporter who was manhandled by an inspector. By 5:00 pm, a team from the Health Department arrived at the site to clean up the shattered glass on the road as it had stopped raining. On 12 March, 45-year old Mohammed Yasin bin Kesit, a driver who slipped into a coma from the blast, died, becoming the third victim of the bombing. It was rumoured by workers that a disgruntled employee or the Bank Employee's Union, following a dispute, caused the explosion, though this was denied by HSBC's bank manager for Malaysia S. F. T. B Lever, who said that "I am not prepared to accept that the union will try to bomb the bank because of a dispute. That is an entirely irresponsible statement. I am fully convinced that it has nothing to do with the union or any of the staff of the bank". The Special Investigations Section of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) interviewed several people in connection to the attack.
Arrest
Harun and Osman boarded a bus in Orchard Road after planting the bomb. Afterwards, they tried to return to Indonesia via a motorboat, though it either sprung a leak or hit an object. The men were floating on a piece of wood when they were picked up by Lim Ah Paw, a bumboat operator. Harun claimed both of them were fishermen, though when asked by Lim to present his identity card, Harun claimed it had fallen in the sea. Lim then told his helmsman to hail a passing police boat. When questioned by the police, Harun said he was a farmer whilst Osman was a fisherman. Both were charged with entering a controlled area. When Marine Police Inspector Mahamed bin Haji Ali spoke of them to Inspector Hill, who was in charge of the MacDonald House bombing investigation. Hill took over the case as he thought the two could assist with the bombing investigation. It was later discovered Harun and Osman were the perpetrators behind the bombing. On 15 March, the two marines were charged in a magistrate's court for "knowingly caus[ing]" the deaths of the three victims, though the bombing was not mentioned in the charges. Harun and Osman were remanded in police custody. The case came up for mention week later on 22 March, though magistrate Sachi Saurajen ordered for the two be further remanded. On 5 April, Harun and Osman were ordered to stand trial in the High Court, with senior inspector T. S. Zain submitting a certificate for the two to be tried without holding a preliminary enquiry under the 1964 Emergency Criminal Trials Regulations.
The two men faced the same charges at the High Court on 17 May, with both pleading not guilty. Director of Public Prosecutions Dalip Singh requested for the case to be adjourned indefinitely, though this was rejected by Justice Ambrose, who "[didn't] think it was proper in a criminal case to have the case be adjourned sine die". Singh then requested for the case to be postponed until May 31, which was granted. The case was postponed again from 30 August until the next Assizes, with 150 witnesses called to testify in the case.
Trial
The trial began on 4 October 1965, with Justice Chua presiding. Inche Kamil Suhaimi, who was assigned to Harun and Osman, said the two were "seeking protection" under the Geneva Convention since they were members of Indonesian Armed Forces and should be treated as prisoners of war, whilst Senior Crown Counsel Francis T. Seow contested this claim and alleged that the two were "mercenary soldiers" who were paid $350 to carry out a "particular assignment". Inche alleged there had been an attempt obstruct the case's "flow of justice", where he claimed that Osman and Harun's military uniforms, which were worn in previous High Court hearings, were taken away by prison authorities, with one of them allegedly being told that he would not be tried in court if he were to wear the uniform. Seow presented the uniform to the court, where he alleged that the Osman and Harun received them from other Indonesian prisoners and that they took off their uniforms when separated from each other as "they were assuming an identity to which they were not legally entitled". When called for a cross-examination by Seow, Osman denied that when he and Harun were picked up, they claimed they were from Kampong Kapor in Singapore, as well as denying that he was almost naked and wearing only shorts when rescued, instead of in uniform. Harun denied being a mercenary, instead claiming that he was a regularly-paid soldier, and denying that he received the military uniform from an Indonesian when in remand.
On the second day of the trial, seven witnesses were called to the stand by Seow to counter Harun and Osman's claims of wearing uniforms when picked up. Lim Ah Paw, the bumboat operator, testified when he picked up the two, Harun was wearing a sports shirt and long trousers whilst Osman was wearing only long trousers. Four members of the police gave similar accounts to Lim's. Wong Kee Huat of Outram Prison said that the two were in civilian clothing when they were administered on remand until a few days later, when 40 prisoners, said to have been captured in the Pontian Landing in Johor, were brought to prison. 10 of the 40 were wearing military uniforms that they were allowed to keep, and according to Wong, there were opportunities for them to give the uniforms to Osman and Harun. Wong did not take action until another police officer noticed that Osman and Harun were wearing uniforms. However, Wong stressed that he could not be sure that the uniforms were taken from the other prisoners as that was only his presumption. When recalled to the stand, Osman claim that he wore his uniform until two days after his arrest, when it was taken away by a police officer and his and Harun's were given back to them cleaned. Osman also said that he and Harun were in civilian clothing during the lower court's hearings. On the third day, Seow called in two police photographers to testify against the accused's claim of wearing military uniforms at the time of the explosion. The defendant asked the judge to give Osman and Harun the benefit of the doubt, though this was overruled by Chua, who said: