Typhoon Durian, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Reming, was a deadly and devastating tropical cyclone that struck the Philippines and Vietnam in late 2006. The 21st named storm of the annual typhoon season, Durian formed in late November 2006 over the western Pacific Ocean near the Federated States of Micronesia. It intensified into a powerful typhoon while moving westward toward the Philippines.
Late on November 29, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) assessed that Durian reached peak winds of 195 km/h (121 mph) sustained over 10 minutes. After slight weakening, Durian moved through central Philippines on November 30, emerging into the South China Sea the next day. A few days later, Durian hit southern Vietnam, and after weakening over land, emerged into the Gulf of Thailand. On December 6, the former typhoon moved across Thailand as a tropical depression, emerging into the Bay of Bengal, where it failed to redevelop.
Typhoon Durian caused massive loss of life when mudflows from the Mayon Volcano buried many villages. Durian first made landfall in the Philippines, packing strong winds and heavy rains that caused mudflows near Mayon Volcano. In Vietnam, Durian caused further damage of more than US$450 million. In all, Durian killed almost 2,000 people, and left hundreds more missing. Damages in the Philippines from the typhoon amounted to 5.086 billion PHP (US$130 million).
Meteorological history
The origins of Typhoon Durian can be traced to a tropical disturbance that developed near Chuuk State in the Federated States of Micronesia on November 23. Initially, the system featured a broad low- to mid-level circulation and good outflow. Situated within an area of moderate wind shear, development was initially inhibited; however, following a decrease in shear on November 25, organization improved. On November 25, a tropical wave – an elongated area of low air pressure moving from east to west – interacted with the system and triggered tropical cyclogenesis. Post-storm modeling determined that this wave was an essential factor in the storm's formation and had it not formed, Durian would not have become a tropical cyclone. With convection wrapping into the storm's circulation, the JTWC classified it as a tropical depression around 1200 UTC. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) followed suit three hours later. Situated south of a mid-level ridge, the system tracked generally west-northwest toward the Philippines. The depression gradually organized and gained strength, reaching tropical storm status late on November 26. At that time, the JMA assigned it the name Durian.
On November 27, the JTWC noted that Durian could undergo explosive intensification as it moved over the Philippine Sea two days later, similar to what took place with Typhoons Cimaron and Chebi. However, there was less confidence in this scenario due to the presence of dry air west of the cyclone. On November 28, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigned the storm the local name Reming as it entered their area of responsibility. At 1200 UTC that day, the JTWC upgraded Durian to a typhoon, estimating one-minute sustained winds at 120 km/h (75 mph). It was not until 0300 UTC on November 29 that the JMA also upgraded the storm. During the course of November 29, a westward-moving convectively-coupled Kelvin wave interacted with Durian and provided additional convergence around the typhoon. This precipitated a period of rapid intensification as the cyclone's vorticity abruptly deepened and reached to more than 10 km (6.2 mi) in altitude. At 0530 UTC, intensity estimates using the Dvorak technique – a method of determining a tropical cyclone's intensity based on satellite appearance – yielded a raw value of 7.0, indicating one-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). By this time, a clear 26 km (16 mi) wide eye had formed within a ring of deep convection.
Durian attained its peak intensity late on November 29 just off the coast of the Philippines with winds of 195 km/h (121 mph) and a barometric pressure of 915 millibars (915 hPa; 27.0 inHg). The JTWC estimated Durian to have been somewhat stronger with one-minute winds of 250 km/h (160 mph), making it a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson scale. By the end of the rapid intensification phase, Durian turned nearly due west as a subtropical ridge built to its north. Although expected to gradually turn northwest along the southwestern periphery of the ridge, topographical effects from the Philippines were expected to limited poleward progression. Weakening somewhat, Durian brushed the southern coast of the Catanduanes early on November 30. At 0200 UTC, a weather station in Virac recorded sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) and 941.4 mbar (941.4 hPa; 27.80 inHg) pressure. Gusts at the station peaked at 320 km/h (200 mph) before the anemometer broke. This was the highest value ever recorded in the Philippines, greatly exceeding previous record of 275 km/h (171 mph) during Typhoon Joan of 1970. Shortly thereafter, Durian made landfall in northern Albay Province; winds at this time were estimated at 165 km/h (103 mph).
Interaction with land induced steady weakening of the typhoon as it moved westward over the Philippines. The storm made two additional landfalls in Quezon and Marinduque after moving over Ragay Gulf and Sibuyan Sea, respectively. Passing over the Isla Verde Passage, Durian emerged into the South China Sea early on December 1 as a minimal typhoon. During the storm's crossing of the Philippines, the area of deep convection surrounding the center expanded from 1.0 to 2.2 degrees to 2.2–3.0 degrees; however, unlike many other typhoons, the eye collapsed and failed to fully redevelop once clear of the islands. Gradual re-intensification occurred over the subsequent days, with the storm attaining a secondary peak strength of 150 km/h (93 mph) early on December 3. Influenced by monsoonal flow, Durian soon turned southwestwards and began paralleling the Vietnamese coastline. Increasing wind shear and inflow of cooler air quickly weakened the system, with winds dropping below typhoon-force early on December 4. As Durian neared the coast of extreme southeastern Vietnam, a slight discrepancy in classification occurred between the JMA and the JTWC. While the former noted a steady weakening trend, the JTWC briefly re-classified Durian as a typhoon late on December 4.
Ultimately, Durian made its fourth overall landfall early on December 5 over the Mekong Delta south of Ho Chi Minh City with winds of 85 km/h (53 mph). Within hours of moving onshore, a combination of land interaction and poor upper-level outflow caused all deep convection to dissipate. The system degraded to a tropical depression before emerging over the Gulf of Thailand. The depression later made landfall over Surat Thani Province, Thailand early on December 6 before crossing into the Bay of Bengal. Once over water, the circulation became increasingly well-defined and convective banding reformed along the south side of the low. Environmental conditions were marginally favorable for development; however, Durian failed to reorganize further and degenerated into a remnant low late on December 7 as it moved just south of the Andaman Islands. The remnants continued generally westward across the Bay and later dissipated on December 9 off the coast of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Preparations
Philippines
The Bicol region, where Durian first struck, is located at the southeastern portion of the Philippine island of Luzon, and is affected by an average of 8.4 tropical cyclones per year. Before Durian made its damaging landfall in the Philippines, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) issued various tropical cyclone warnings and watches, including Public Storm Warning Signal #4 for Catanduanes, Albay, and both Camarines Sur and Norte provinces; this is the highest warning signal, in which winds of over 100 km/h (60 mph) were expected. The Philippines' National Disaster Coordinating Council issued severe weather bulletins and advisories, and overall, 25 provinces in the archipelago were placed on storm alert. Residents in warning areas were advised of the potential for storm surge, flash flooding, and landslides.
The severe threat of the typhoon prompted over 1.3 million people to evacuate their homes, many of whom stayed in the 909 storm shelters. Officials advised residents in low-lying areas to seek higher grounds. School classes in Sorsogon and in Northern and Eastern Samar were suspended, and many buildings opened up as storm shelters. In Naga City, about 1,500 citizens left for emergency shelters. 1,000 were evacuated elsewhere in the region, including 120 in the capital city of Manila and more than 800 in Legazpi City. The threat of the typhoon caused ferry, bus, and airline services to be canceled, stranding thousands of people for several days. All shipping traffic was halted in the Mimaropa region. The Philippine Coast Guard grounded all vessels on open waters, stranding around 4,000 ferry passengers in Quezon province. PAGASA turned off its weather radar in Virac to prevent damage.
Vietnam
On November 30, while the typhoon was over the Philippines, the Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control and the National Committee for Search and Rescue sent telegraphs advising of the typhoon to search and rescue teams stationed along the entire coast of the country (Quảng Ninh province to Cà Mau). All provinces along the South China Sea were advised to assist an estimated 14,585 vessels in the path of the storm. All craft were later banned from leaving harbors. Requests were also made to neighboring countries to allow Vietnamese fishermen to take refuge in their ports. Strong wind warnings were disseminated to residents between Phú Yên and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu provinces by December 2. These areas, as well as the inland provinces of Đắk Lắk, Lâm Đồng, and Bình Phước redirected all focus on the typhoon and the potential for life-threatening flash flooding. Evacuation orders for southern provinces were issued by December 3, with Deputy Prime Minister Nguyễn Sinh Hùng stating, "the evacuation must be completed by Monday morning [December 4]." Threatening an area not frequented by typhoons, many residents did not heed warnings as weather conditions ahead of the storm were calm. Approximately 6,800 people in Ninh Thuận province complied with the evacuation orders; however, officials requested the assistance of the Vietnamese Army to relocate roughly 90,000 people. Following an unpredicted southerly shift in the storm's track towards the Mekong Delta, Hung later urged residents and officials to prepare for the storm, such that "all provinces should prepare so that we do not have another Linda."
Impact
Yap
Early in its duration, Durian produced light winds on Yap in the Caroline Islands, gusting to 56 km/h (35 mph), as well as light rainfall totaling 52 mm (2.0 in). Ahead of the storm, the National Weather Service on Guam issued a tropical storm warning for various islands in Yap State.
Philippines
Typhoon Durian affected about 3.5 million people in the Philippines, of whom about 120,000 were left homeless. Durian damaged 588,037 houses, including 228,436 that were destroyed, many of which were made out of wood. Across the country, the storm wrecked 5,685 schools, estimated at US$63.5 million in damage. The Bicol Region accounted for 79% of the damaged schools, affecting around 357,400 children. Damage was estimated at ₱5.45 billion (PHP, US$110 million). As of December 27, 2006, the death toll stood at 734, with 762 missing. The International Disaster Database listed 1,399 deaths in the Philippines related to Durian, making it the second deadliest natural disaster in 2006 after an earthquake in Indonesia.
While crossing the Philippines, Durian dropped 466 mm (18.3 in) of rainfall at Legazpi, Albay in 24 hours, including an hourly total of 135 mm (5.3 in). The 24 hour total was the highest in 40 years for a station in the Bicol region. Heavy rainfall caused rivers and irrigation canals to exceed their banks. Many creeks and small streams were flooded in the Bicol region. Gusts were estimated as high as 260 km/h (160 mph).
While the typhoon moved through the country, it caused complete power outages in Albay, Sorsogon, Camarines Sur, and Camarines Norte, affecting tens of thousands of residents. Initially, disrupted communications prevented details about the damage in the worst struck areas. The worst of the storm effects were in Albay, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Mindoro, and Quezon. On Catanduanes Island, Durian destroyed about half of the houses in the capital city of Virac. The powerful winds of the typhoon blew away houses and uprooted trees, All of the trees in Bacagay were knocked down, affecting the livelihood of half of the residents. Throughout the country, about 30,000 ha (74,000 acres) of rice fields were destroyed, accounting for 65,481 metric tons of corn; 19,420 metric tons of rice were also damaged. However, the crops were already harvested, so the storm's agriculture effects were minor. The storm also wrecked 1,200 fishing boats, severely affecting the local fishing industry, and killed many livestock.