Same-sex marriage has been legal in Slovenia since 9 July 2022, following a ruling by the Constitutional Court of Slovenia. The court had ruled the previous month that the ban on same-sex marriages violated the Constitution of Slovenia and gave the Parliament six months to amend the law to align with the ruling, although the decision took effect immediately after publication. The National Assembly passed legislation to align with the court ruling on 4 October 2022, though it was vetoed by the National Council one week later. This veto was overridden by the National Assembly on 18 October, signed by President Borut Pahor, and went into effect on 31 January 2023. Polling suggests that a majority of Slovenes support the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. Slovenia was the first country of former Yugoslavia, the eighteenth in Europe and the 31st in the world to allow same-sex couples to marry. Previously, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage had been approved by Parliament on 3 March 2015; however, it was rejected in a referendum that December.
In 2006, Slovenia created a limited form of registered partnerships for same-sex couples, which gave partners access to property and some inheritance rights. In 2017, it began recognizing same-sex partnerships providing all of the legal rights of marriage with the exception of joint adoption and in vitro fertilisation. Since the introduction of same-sex marriage in 2022, partnerships are no longer available in Slovenia.
Partnerships
Registration of Same-Sex Partnerships Act 2005
A comprehensive registered partnership bill passed its first reading in Parliament in July 2004, but was rejected at second reading in March 2005. The bill would have provided for all of the rights of marriage except for joint adoption. A law establishing partnerships, titled the Registration of Same-Sex Partnerships Act 2005 (ZRIPS; Slovene: Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti), was proposed by the government of Janez Janša on 31 March 2005. The law covered only property rights, the obligation to support a socially weaker partner and some inheritance rights. It did not grant any rights in the areas of social security, health insurance and pension, and it did not confer the status of a next-of-kin to the partner. The adoption of this law sparked considerable political debate in the National Assembly, with deputies from the Slovenian National Party opposing the recognition of same-sex unions. The opposition Social Democrats and Liberals argued that the proposed law was too weak and refused to take part in the voting. The bill was passed with 44 votes for and 3 against on 22 June 2005. It was published in the government gazette on 8 July, and became effective on 23 July 2006.
The Registration of Same-Sex Partnerships Act 2005 was repealed upon passage of the Partnership Act 2016, and ceased to be operational on 24 August 2017. The ability to enter into a partnership was ended, and all partnerships were converted into the new civil partnerships established by the 2016 legislation.
On 2 July 2009, the Constitutional Court found that it was unconstitutional to prevent registered partners from inheriting each other's property. It held that treating registered partners differently from married partners constituted discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, breaching Article 14 of the Constitution of Slovenia. It gave Parliament six months to remedy the situation. In response, the Minister of the Interior, Katarina Kresal, announced that the government of Borut Pahor would prepare a new law to legalise same-sex marriage. The announcement stirred some level of public controversy, mainly because it provided grounds for same-sex adoption.
On 21 September 2009, the government presented a draft family code which would have allowed same-sex couples to marry and adopt children. The bill went through a period of public consultation until 1 November 2009. In December 2009, the government considered amendments to the bill, and gave final approval to the measure on 17 December 2009. It was submitted to the National Assembly on 21 December 2009. On 2 March 2010, the bill was approved by the Assembly in its first reading. On 24 January 2011, due to the difficulty of passing the bill, the government announced its intention to amend it before final passage in the National Assembly. The amended bill would have granted same-sex registered partnerships all the rights of marriage except for joint adoption—though stepchild adoption would have been permitted—and retained the definition of marriage as a "union between a man and a woman".
On 3 March 2010, the Supreme Court of Slovenia ruled that a male couple with dual Slovenian-American citizenship, who adopted a baby girl in the United States, were to be recognised as the child's legal parents in Slovenia as well. On 17 July 2011, the Ministry for Work, Family and Social Affairs allowed a woman to adopt her same-sex partner's biological child. This raised the possibility that such an adoption would be possible even if the 2011 Family Code were to be repealed in a referendum.
On 7 April 2011, the National Assembly approved the amended bill in its second reading. It passed its final reading on 16 June 2011. The new law was challenged on 1 September 2011 by a conservative popular movement called "The Civil Initiative for the Family and Rights of Children", which called for a national referendum on the issue, and started gathering the requisite signatures. In response, the government asked the Constitutional Court to declare whether such a referendum would be constitutional. On 26 December 2011, the Constitutional Court ruled that holding a referendum on this issue was constitutional. A referendum on 25 March 2012 led to the rejection of the bill.
Partnership Bill 2014
On 14 April 2014, the Ministry of Labour, Family, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Anja Kopač Mrak, presented a bill to grant partnerships all the rights of marriage, except for adoption and artificial insemination. It underwent a public consultation process until 5 May 2014. However, the bill's fate was uncertain due to early parliamentary elections on 13 July 2014, which were held following the resignation of Prime Minister Alenka Bratušek. On 15 October 2014, the Ministry announced another public consultation on the draft, which lasted until 15 November. In January 2015, Minister Anja Kopač Mrak said that the bill would be put on hold while a proposal to legalise same-sex marriage was to be considered by Parliament.
Partnership Act 2016
On 22 December 2015, following a referendum two days earlier that prevented same-sex marriage from being legalized in Slovenia, Deputy Jani Möderndorfer introduced a bill to grant same-sex couples all the rights of marriage, except for joint adoption and in vitro fertilisation. The bill would also repeal the Registration of Same-Sex Partnerships Act 2005, and all partnerships would have to be converted to a new institution, called partnerska zveza (pronounced [ˈpàːɾtnɛɾska ˈzʋéːza]) in Slovene, within the first six months after the bill's date of application. Partnerska zveza had the same formal registration procedure as marriages. On 10 March 2016, the government of Miro Cerar expressed its support for the bill. On 5 April, the bill was approved by the Committee on Labour, Family, Social Policy and Disability of the National Assembly. On 21 April, it was approved by the Assembly in a 54–15 vote. The National Council did not require the Assembly to vote on the bill again.
On 28 April, the Trade Union of Migrant Workers (SDMS; Sindikat delavcev migrantov Slovenije) filed a motion, with 2,500 signatures, in order to be allowed to proceed with a petition for a referendum. However, on 5 May, the Speaker of the National Assembly, Milan Brglez, refused to set a thirty-five-day deadline during which the proposers could collect 40,000 valid signatures to force a referendum, arguing that this and several other SDMS referendum initiatives constituted an abuse of the referendum laws. He sent the bill for promulgation the next day. It was promulgated by President Borut Pahor and published in the official gazette on 9 May 2016. The law took effect on the fifteenth day after publication (i.e. 24 May 2016) and became operational nine months later (i.e. 24 February 2017). On 10 May, the SDMS challenged Brglez's decision to the Constitutional Court, which rejected the challenge on 21 July 2016.
The ability to enter into a partnership was closed off following the legalization of same-sex marriage in Slovenia. Partners could convert their union into a recognized marriage until 31 July 2023. Couples were afforded an extra two months to convert their partnerships into marriages if they were unable to do so previously for "excusable reasons". Otherwise, all partnerships were dissolved on 31 July.
Statistics
According to Slovenia's official statistics agency, SiStat, 284 same-sex partnerships had been performed in Slovenia under both the 2005 and 2016 laws up to the end of 2018. A majority of partnerships were between men, and most were performed in 2017 and 2018.
Same-sex marriage
Attempt at legalisation in 2015
On 15 December 2014, the opposition United Left (ZL) introduced a bill to the Slovenian Parliament to legalise same-sex marriage. The sponsors of the bill said its goal was to "provide equal rights to all members of society". The Cerar Government expressed no opposition to the bill. Two of the three parties in the governing coalition, the Modern Centre Party (SMC) and the Social Democrats (SD), backed the bill, as did the opposition ZL and the Alliance of Alenka Bratušek (ZaAB). The third party in the coalition, the Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia (DeSUS), decided to allow a conscience vote within its ranks. Only the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) and New Slovenia (NSi) opposed it. On 10 February 2015, the Committee on Labour, Family, Social Policy and Disability of the National Assembly passed the bill by 11 votes to 2. The Assembly passed the bill in its third reading in a 51–28 vote on 3 March. On 10 March 2015, the National Council rejected a motion to require the Assembly to vote on the bill again in a 14–23 vote. The bill was sent to President Borut Pahor for his signature or veto.
On 10 March 2015, opponents of the bill announced that they had collected more than 80,000 signatures to call for a referendum. They filed 2,500 of them, as required, in order to be allowed to proceed with the petition for a popular vote. On 17 March, the leader of the SMC parliamentary group said that, although the party supported same-sex marriage legislation, it would not try to prevent a possible referendum on the issue. ZL, the main proponent of the bill, criticized the statement. However, on 19 March, SMC politicians clarified that they were against blocking proponents from collecting signatures, but that the party would support the motion to block the referendum when the signatures are submitted. On 23 March 2015, a thirty-five-day term began in which the supporters of an eventual referendum had to collect 40,000 valid signatures. On the same day, a group of 23 deputies from SD, DeSUS, ZL and ZaAB filed a request calling for a special session of the Assembly in order to vote on a motion to block the referendum. On 26 March, the National Assembly voted 53–21 to block the referendum on the grounds that it would violate the constitutional provision prohibiting popular votes on laws eliminating human rights and fundamental freedoms.
The proponents of the referendum, who announced that they had collected 48,146 signatures before the Assembly's vote, said they would appeal the decision to the Constitutional Court, which they did on 2 April. The court had the option of declaring the referendum unconstitutional, as Article 90 of the Constitution prohibits referendums on the subject of constitutionally protected human rights. Any referendum in Slovenia is only successful if a majority of participants and at least 20% of all eligible voters vote in favor of the law. The Constitutional Court deliberated about the appeal in four sessions on 10 June, 9 July, 10 September and 24 September. In October 2015, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Ljubljana, Stanislav Zore, signaled his support for the referendum.
On 22 October 2015, the court officially published its decision, permitting the referendum to proceed. However, the ruling did not address Article 90, making a new challenge to the referendum possible. The ruling solely regarded the ability of the National Assembly to declare a referendum unconstitutional. On 4 November 2015, the National Assembly decided that the referendum would take place on 20 December 2015. The bill was rejected, as a majority of voters voted against and the votes against were more than 20% of registered voters, as required by the Constitution.