Dana Air Flight 0992 was a scheduled Nigerian domestic passenger flight from Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport to Murtala Muhammed International Airport. On 3 June 2012, the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft crashed following a dual-engine failure, killing all 153 people on board and six on the ground. It remains the deadliest commercial airliner crash in Nigeria since the 1973 Kano air disaster.
Accident Investigation Bureau (AIB; now called Nigerian Accident Investigation Bureau) concluded that both of the aircraft's engines had lost power during its approach to Lagos. Incorrect assembly had severed the engines' fuel line, causing fuel to not be delivered to both engines. During the initial sequence of the engine failure, the pilots opted not to declare an emergency until the second engine lost power during the flight's final approach. Lack of situational awareness and poor decision-making by the pilots eventually caused the aircraft to crash into buildings.
The crash was the fifth major Nigerian aviation disaster in a decade, after EAS Airlines Flight 4226 in 2002, Bellview Airlines Flight 210 and Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 in 2005, and ADC Airlines Flight 053 in 2006. Consequently, it led to a major overhaul of the nation's aviation sector. Since the crash of Flight 0992, Nigeria's aviation safety improved significantly and the country eventually retained the category 1 status of its aviation safety.
Background
Aircraft
The aircraft was a twin-engined McDonnell Douglas MD-83, registered in Nigeria as 5N-RAM, built in 1990 and first delivered to Alaska Airlines under the registration of N944AS, and operated until the airline retired their MD-80s in 2008. It was then stored at Southern California Logistics Airport before being acquired by Dana Air in February 2009. The airframe had accumulated more than 60,800 hours of total flight time since new. The aircraft engines had over 55,300 and 26,000 hours of total flight time before the crash. The last maintenance on the aircraft was performed on 2 June 2012, exactly a day before the accident.
Passengers and crew
Passengers
Flight 0992 was carrying 147 passengers, including 15 foreign nationals from 9 countries. The foreigners were six Chinese nationals, three Americans, two Indians, and one each from Benin, Canada, Germany, France, Indonesia, and Lebanon.
Among those on board were Celestine Onwuliri, husband of then-Nigerian Foreign Minister Viola Onwuliri, Ehime Aikhomu, son of late Nigerian admiral and former Nigerian Vice President Augustus Aikhomu, Ibrahim Damcida, former Permanent Secretary of the Nigerian Ministry of Finance, Levi Chibuike Ajuonuma, then-spokesperson of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, and Shehu Sa’ad, Director of major Nigerian bank Mainstreet Bank Limited. Local media reported that several senior military officials were also on the flight.
Crew
The aircraft was carrying 6 crew members, including an American captain, an Indian First Officer, an Indonesian flight engineer and three Nigerian flight attendants.
The captain was 55-year-old Peter Waxton. He had 18,116 total flight hours, with 7,466 hours on the MD-83. He was a captain for Spirit Airlines from 1997 to 2009. He also was reported to have flown for Falcon Air Express, a charter airline in Miami. The captain was hired by Dana Air on 14 March 2012. He began flying line training operations under the supervision of a training captain on 26 April 2012 after completing ground school and simulator training. He held several ratings, including Airbus A320, McDonnell Douglas DC-9, Fokker F-27, and Saab 340. His license had previously been suspended by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) due to multiple hard landings and failing to report maintenance issues. He received a new license in August 2011.
The first officer, Mahendra Singh Rathore, was a 34-year-old with 1,143 flight hours, including 808 hours on the MD-83. He was previously employed at Dana Air as the director of cabin service before he was hired as a pilot in January 2011.
Accident
Flight 0992 was a flight from the Nigerian capital of Abuja to the country's largest city of Lagos, operated with a McDonnell Douglas MD-83. It departed Abuja at 14:58 local time with 147 passengers and 6 crew members, and 26,000 lb (12,000 kg) of fuel. The wind was calm and the weather conditions were good. The flight was piloted by Captain Peter Waxton and First Officer Mahendra Singh Rathore, with Rathore as the pilot flying. The aircraft was on the returning leg of the second flight from Abuja.
First engine malfunction
Approximately 17 minutes after taking off from Abuja, the crew noticed an abnormality with the left engine. The engine was not producing enough thrust despite the manually input throttle setting. Rathore asked Waxton if he should call the engineer to analyze the problem, but Waxton declined, stating that they could determine the cause of the problem themselves. Waxton then asked Rathore if one of the ground crews had tampered with the panel near the aircraft's rear door, and subsequently stated that "the guy" was angry at them. Prior to the flight's departure, the pilots had been in a dispute with the ground crew involving the use of the rear passenger exit door.
The crew decided to continue the flight to Lagos even though there were differences in the EPR value on the engines and the lack of response from the left engine, which was operating at idle power despite its throttle setting. They then contacted Lagos ATC to request a descent clearance. During the entire conversation, there was no mention of the inoperative left engine, and they did not follow the emergency checklist for an inoperative engine.
As the flight was cleared to descend, Captain Waxton ordered First Officer Rathore to increase the aircraft's rate of descent, but First Officer Rathore declined, stating that the gradual descent was far more effective in maintaining their altitude. Flight 0992 was then cleared by Lagos for an approach to Runway 18L. Again, the crew didn't issue a distress call or even mention the malfunctioning left engine. The flight continued to approach Lagos. As it was confirmed that there was no response from the left engine, Captain Waxton took over the control from First Officer Rathore and became the pilot flying. The right engine, at the time, was still operative and thus the crew thought that it was still safe to continue the flight to Lagos. Captain Waxton could be heard saying "Okay, this one is good for us so far."
Second engine malfunction
As the aircraft got closer to Lagos, the crew became increasingly concerned as they started to receive a series of heading and altitude radar vectors from Lagos ATC. They shifted through multiple checklists for the approach to Lagos. However, they didn't read the single-engine landing checklist that had been provided for them. Their altitude was a bit higher than usual at the time and Captain Waxton decided to increase the rate of descent to correct it. He then asked First Officer Rathore to configure the aircraft for the landing by setting the flaps to 15. That way, the aircraft would generate lift with minimal drag. However, even though he had decided to configure the aircraft for landing, additional thrust was still required for the final approach to Lagos. The crew were in a difficult situation.
Captain Waxton then tried to decrease the rate of descent by increasing the throttle setting of the right engine. To his surprise, the right engine didn't respond to his input. Both engines finally had completely failed to generate the commanded thrust. Realizing the gravity of the situation, the crew finally declared an emergency when they were 11 nautical miles (20 km) from the airport.
However, even with the present emergency, the crew still failed to review the checklist for such a situation. They immediately attempted to contact control tower at 118.1 MHz for landing directions but were unsuccessful. The flaps were then set to 28 and Captain Waxton asked the flight purser to prepare for landing. At the time, there was no indication that the situation was not under control.
A few minutes later, the "altitude" warning sounded, and Captain Waxton stated that he had sighted the runway. The flaps were selected up and the crew selected the landing gears up. As both engines had lost their ability to generate the commanded thrust, Captain Waxton concluded that "we just lost everything, we lost an engine, I lost both engines". During the next 25 seconds, the captain requested everything that could help recover thrust including "relight", "ignition override", "just anything" to be given to him. With the lack of thrust output from the engines, the aircraft continued to lose its speed and altitude.
Crash
The aircraft lost its thrust power and descended closer to the ground. The crew then applied stabilizer trim several times as they tried to avoid obstacles and buildings ahead of them, but they failed to arrest the descent. The aircraft lost altitude rapidly and the altitude warning sounded until the end of the recording.
The MD-83 crashed in the densely-populated Iju-Ishaga neighbourhood near the airport. It first impacted a two-storey Power Holding Company of Nigeria building with its right wing and later struck multiple trees and three other buildings. The aircraft then exploded and burst into flames. Fire then spread throughout the neighbourhood. One of the impacted buildings was an uncompleted building that had been storing flammable liquids in preparation for its intended use as a press building, increasing the fire. Many residents initially mistook the explosion that had been caused by the crash as an attack by Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram.
The crash scene became chaotic, with Nigeria's The Sun reporting that thousands of Lagos residents attempted to approach the site. Crowds attempted to bring water hoses to the site while soldiers attempted to disperse onlookers with punches and rubber whips. The onlookers then threw stones at the soldiers in retaliation. Water for firefighting was scarce for several hours due to the city's shortage of fire trucks, and civilians attempted to fight the fire by hand with water from plastic buckets. Water trucks commandeered from nearby construction projects had difficulties reaching the site due to the narrow roads.
Due to these challenges, the dousing of the flames by the authorities was delayed, and consequently the fire completely destroyed every structure of the aircraft, bar the tail. No survivors were found at the crash site, with all 153 passengers and crew members perishing. At least 6 people on the ground were also killed by the crash. Forensic analysis eventually revealed that 27 people on board the aircraft, all of whom were seated at the back, had initially survived the crash. Some residents reported that the survivors had tried to escape from the burning wreckage, with locals attempting to open the emergency exit to rescue them; however, they succumbed to the smoke and the ensuing explosions.
Response
High-ranking officials, including then-Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan and Governor of Lagos State Babatunde Fashola, visited the crash site on 4 June. Following the visit, President Jonathan declared three days of national mourning. He noted that the accident had "sadly plunged the nation into further sorrow on a day when Nigerians were already in grief over the loss of many other innocent lives in the church bombing in Bauchi State", which happened just mere hours before the crash.
In response to the accident, President Jonathan pledged that "every possible effort" would be made to boost the nation's aviation safety, echoing the remarks of previous Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo during a string of aircraft disasters in 2005 and 2006. The federal government suspended Dana Air's license and also banned the MD-83 aircraft type after the crash. They also set up a nine-man technical and administrative panel to audit all airlines operating in the country. On 5 September 2012, the suspension on Dana Air's operating license was lifted, and the airline started recertification and retraining processes.
Dana Air set up a 24-hour hotline for relatives to call and added a message to its website reading, "Our thoughts and prayers are with the families of guests who were involved in the Dana Air mishap. May the souls of the deceased rest in peace". Management of Dana Air stated that the relatives of each of the passengers would be given compensation of US$100,000.
Rescuers managed to recover at least 152 bodies, including partially-recovered ones, and most had been severely charred by the post-crash fire. A total of 148 bodies were successfully identified, consisting of 89 males and 59 females. The report from the chief medical examiner, however, stated that authorities were unable to identify 3 remaining "bodies". Of the 148 identified bodies, a total of 9 victims were not on the manifest. The bodies of Captain Waxton and First Officer Rathore could not be identified. Governor Fashola of Lagos State held a press conference on 10 June with the families of the victims regarding the government's plan to hold a mass burial for the victims of Flight 0992. The plan was eventually rejected by the relatives.