Tuyến thương mại
Con đường ven biển từ châu thổ sông Nin tới Damascus chạy dọc phía bắc Sinai và đồng bằng duyên hải, rồi vượt dãy Carmel ở Megiddo, đi qua biển hồ Galilee và Hazor. Suốt hàng nghìn năm, quân đội và các đoàn lữ hành qua lại giữa Ai Cập, Syria và Lưỡng Hà đều dùng con đường này.
Via Maris (a Latin phrase meaning 'road of the sea') was an ancient trade route, dating from the early Bronze Age, linking Egypt with the northern empires of Syria, Anatolia and Mesopotamia – along the Mediterranean coast of modern-day Egypt, Palestine, Israel, Turkey and Syria. Today, Via Maris is a historic road that runs in part along the Israeli Mediterranean coast.
Together with the King's Highway, the Via Maris was one of the major trade routes connecting Egypt and the Levant with Anatolia and Mesopotamia. It was in use from the 6th century BC, until the end of the Mamluk Sultanate in the 16th century. It followed the coastal plain before crossing over into the plain of Jezreel and the Jordan valley. Other names are "Way of the Philistines", "Great Trunk Road" and "International Coastal Highway."
The Via Maris was crossed by other trading routes, so that one could travel from Africa to Europe or from Asia to Africa. It began in al-Qantara and went east to Pelusium, following the northern coast of Sinai through el-Arish and Rafah. From there it followed the coast of Canaan through Gaza, Ascalon, Isdud, Aphek avoiding the Yarkon River, and Dor before turning east again through Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley until it reached Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee. Again turning northward along the lake shore, the Via Maris passed through Migdal, Capernaum, and Hazor. From Hazor it crossed the northern River Jordan at what later became known as Jacob's Ford, then climbed sharply over the Golan Heights and wound its way northeast into Damascus. Here travellers could continue on the King's Highway as far as the Euphrates River or proceed northward into Anatolia.
The historic name used in Ancient Egypt was "Way of Horus" (Middle Egyptian: ḫꜣt Ḥr, lit. 'Khet Her').
According to Anson Rainey (1981), "Via Maris" derives from the Latin translation of Isaiah 9:1 דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַיָּם֙ "by the way of the sea" (translated ὁδὸν θαλάσσης in the Septuagint) – 8:23 in the Hebrew Bible.. The prophet was probably referring to the road from Dan to the sea at Tyre, passing through Abel-beth-maachah, which marked the northern border of Israel at the time of the Assyrian conquest.
This Egypt-to-Damascus route is designated by Barry J. Beitzel as the Great Trunk Road in The New Moody Atlas of the Bible (2009), p. 85. John D. Currid and David P. Barrett use this name in the ESV Bible Atlas (2010), p. 41, as do Rainey and Notley in Carta's New Century Handbook and Atlas of the Bible (2007), p. 76. Carl G. Rasmussen in the Zondervan Atlas of the Bible (2010), p. 32, also notes the traditional misnomer and calls the Egypt–Damascus route "the International North-South Route."
Rasmussen, in agreement with Langfur and Rainey, suggests that the Via Maris was the road that connected Tyre with Damascus. Beitzel, in contrast, denotes the Via Maris as a road from Ptolemais (Acco / Acre) to Kedesh (Kedesh-naphtali) in the Galilee – also leading west to east, but slightly further south and not reaching so far inland.
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