Tuyến thương mại
Được các thương nhân Quaker ở New York thành lập năm 1817, Black Ball Line cho tàu chở thư chạy giữa New York và Liverpool theo ngày khởi hành cố định, dù đầy hàng hay không, là tuyến vượt Đại Tây Dương có lịch trình cố định đầu tiên. Trong khoảng sáu mươi năm, tàu của hãng chở thư từ, báo chí, hành khách và hàng hoá.
The Black Ball Line (originally known as the Wright, Thompson, Marshall, & Thompson Line, then as the Old Line) was a passenger line founded by a group of New York Quaker merchants headed by Jeremiah Thompson, and included Isaac Wright & Son (William), Francis Thompson and Benjamin Marshall. All were Quakers except Marshall.
The line initially consisted of four packet ships, the Amity, Courier, Pacific, and the James Monroe. All of these were running between Liverpool, England and New York City. This first scheduled trans-Atlantic service was founded in 1817. In operation for some 60 years, it took its name from its flag, a black ball on a red background.
The Wright, Thompson, Marshall, & Thompson Line was founded in 1817 and began shipping operations in 1818. At some point in the line's history, it was known as the Old Line and, after the 1840s, as the Black Ball Line. The Black Ball Line pioneered regularly scheduled shipping with fixed departure dates, thus contributing to the eventual development of travel by ocean liner. Governments contracted the packet ships to carry mail and also carried passengers and time-sensitive items such as newspapers. Up to this point, there were no regular passages advertised by sailing ships. They arrived at port when they could, dependent on the wind, and left when they were loaded, frequently visiting other ports to complete their cargo. The Black Ball Line undertook to leave New York on a fixed day of the month, irrespective of cargo or passengers. The service took several years to establish itself, and it was not until 1822 that the line increased sailings to two per month and reduced the cost of passage to 35 guineas.
The sensation this created brought in competitors such as the Red Star Line, which also adopted fixed dates. The average passage of packets from New York to Liverpool was 23 days eastward and 40 days westward. But this was at a period where usual reported passages were 30 and 45 days, respectively, while westward passages of 65 to 90 days excited no attention. The best passage from New York to Liverpool in those days was the 15 days 16 hours achieved at the end of 1823 by the ship New York (though often incorrectly reported as Canada). The westward crossing had a remarkable record of 15 days 23 hours set by the Black Ball's Columbia in 1830, during an unusually prolonged spell of easterly weather which saw several other packet ships making the journey in 16 to 17 days. Captain Joseph Delano was reported to be "up with the Banks of Newfoundland in ten days".
In 1836 the Line passed into the hands of Captain Charles H. Marshall, he gradually added the Columbus, Oxford. Cambridge, New York, England, Yorkshire, Fidelia, Isaac Wright, Isaac Webb, the third Manhattan, Montezuma, Alexander Marshall, Great Western and Harvest Queen to the fleet.
The Black Ball Line is mentioned in several sea shanties, most prominently in "Hurrah for the Black Ball Line" (Roud 2623), which extols the speed and efficiency of the line and the hardness of its sailors. It is also mentioned in other shanties such as "Blow the Man Down", "Homeward Bound", "Eliza Lee", and "New York Girls".
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