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Ilorin is the capital city of Kwara State in Northern Nigeria. Modern Ilorin is inhabited mainly by Muslims. The 2006 census recorded a population of 777,667.
Ilorin was founded by the Yoruba in the late 18th century and became a provincial military settlement within the Oyo Empire. In 1817, the local Kakanfo (field marshal) Afonja rebelled against Oyo with the support of the Fulani Islamic preacher and teacher Shehu Alimi and Fulani warriors. After Afonja was assassinated, Alimi's son Abd al-Salam became emir and pledged allegiance to the Sokoto Caliphate around 1829. An Oyo–Borgu campaign against Ilorin around 1835 was defeated; Ilorin forces later sacked the Oyo capital, Oyo Ile, in 1837. Abd al-Salam's southward campaign was halted by Ibadan at Oshogbo in 1840.
Throughout the 19th century, Ilorin was a major trade centre between the Hausa of the north and the Yoruba of the south. It resisted British rule until the Royal Niger Company occupied the city in 1897; the emirate's lands were incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900. With the subdivision of Nigeria's administrative regions in 1967, Ilorin became part of West Central State, later renamed Kwara State.
Ilorin has been associated with lawyers, judges and public figures. Alhaji A. G. F. Abdulrazaq was described by ThisDay as the first lawyer from Northern Nigeria and the first Northerner to be gazetted as a substantive High Court judge, an appointment he declined.
Justice Mustapha Akanbi, whose parents were from Ilorin, served as President of the Nigeria Court of Appeal and later became the pioneer chairman of the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission. Justice S. M. A. Belgore was born in Ilorin and served as Chief Justice of Nigeria from 2006 to 2007.
The 11th Emir of Ilorin, Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari, served as a Justice of the Court of Appeal before ascending the throne. Professor Ibrahim Agboola Gambari, who was born in Ilorin, served as Nigeria's Minister of External Affairs and as a United Nations Under-Secretary-General, including as head of the UN Department of Political Affairs.
Ilorin has an 18,000-capacity stadium and two professional football teams; Kwara United F.C. playing in the top-tier league of Nigeria Professional Football League (N.P.F.L) which is run by the League Management Company; and ABS FC in the second division which is Bet9ja Nigeria National league.
The city has the only standard baseball field in West Africa. It has also hosted several national handball competitions.
The University of Ilorin operates UNILORIN FM, a radio station based in Ilorin that broadcasts on 89.3 FM.
The political economy of Kwara State can be traced to 1967 when it was created. Since then the state has undergone various developmental efforts, mostly initiated by the federal government given the nature of the Nigerian state, a centralized federal system where development policies and programmes originate from the centre.
The state has a large area of rich agricultural land. The limestone and dolomite of Oreke, kaolin and clay at Idofian near Ilorin and other parts of the state, pure gold in Kaiama and the Patigi area, and the highly exportable rich tantalite deposit of Iporin make Kwara State rich in primary resources.
Initially, Kwara State had only a few major industrial companies, Global Soap (not more in operation), Detergent Industries Nigeria Limited and the International Tobacco Company. Successive administrations have attempted to attract industrialists to the state.
With such efforts, Ilorin has become the hub for cashew processing in Nigeria and Olam International has set up Africa's biggest cashew processing plant. The plant processes 100 MT of cashews every day and provides employment to over 2000 workers.
Recently established industries include Dangote Flour Mills, Tuyil Pharmaceutical company, KAMWIL, Golden Confectionate Food Industries, Chellaram Motor-Cycle Assembly plants, and Rajrab Pharmaceuticals.
Ilorin has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). It has an annual rainfall which can range between 990.3 and 1,318 millimetres (39 and 52 in). The city has maximum temperatures varying between 33 and 37 °C or 91.4 and 98.6 °F, with the third month of the year, March, being the hottest. The minimum and maximum temperature, and also the relative humidity have increased between 1978 and 2017. The wind that blows is typically from points between southeast and northeast.
Ilorin operates a relatively well-developed intra-city public transport system, and the major roads within the metropolis are well constructed.
There are three different modes of available transit from one place to another in the city – the most popular being the conventional taxis. Car-hire services are also available in major hotels. Furthermore, there are commercial motorbikes, commonly called "Okada". A more recent arrival on Ilorin's roads are commercial tricycles, popularly called "Keke NAPEP" or "Keke" or "Keke Maruwa", some of which are given on loan to beneficiaries of the National Poverty Eradication Programme. Ilorin taxis are painted yellow and green.
Ilorin's central location makes it easily accessible to all parts of the country by air, road and rail. The state has a good network of roads, rail and air transportation facilities linking it with Nigeria's other industrial and commercial centres. Transportation is quite affordable in Ilorin for movement from one place to another for as low as one hundred naira.
There are scheduled daily commercial flights to and from Ilorin International Airport by Arik Air and Overland Airways. The now defunct Capital Airlines also operated from Ilorin. Current destinations include all of the major cities in Nigeria. The airport has also been re-designed and equipped as an international cargo airport.
Ilorin offers reliable road transport services to Lagos, Ogun, Osun, Ondo, Oyo, Ekiti, Kogi, Niger, Kaduna and Plateau States. Similar services are available to and from Onitsha, Port Harcourt, Abuja, Aba and others.
A major expressway to Ibadan, numbered E1, is currently under construction by P.W. International. Ilorin is served by the railway and highway from Lagos (160 miles south-southwest), via Ibadan, which intersect in the city, and it has an international airport.
The Dada pottery centre in Okelele, Ilorin East, is the subject of a study of indigenous pottery production. A study of Ologbin-Adewole in Ilorin West documents the area's traditional Aṣọ-òkè textile weaving. Another historic site associated with the city is Okuta Ilo-Irin.
Modern Ilorin is inhabited mainly by Muslim Yoruba people, and its traditional ruler is a Yoruba-speaking Fulani emir. A 2024 study describes Ilorin as a Muslim-majority city with Christian communities and notes Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani and Nupe residents in the wider Ilorin Emirate. Nigeria's 2006 census questionnaire did not ask about religion or ethnic background, so census-based percentages for Ilorin's religious or ethnic composition are unavailable.
Ilorin's development as a Muslim emirate followed the early 19th-century political changes described in the History section. In 1817, Afonja's rebellion against the Oyo Empire was supported by the Fulani Islamic scholar and preacher Shehu Alimi. After Afonja's assassination, Alimi's son Abd al-Salam became emir and pledged allegiance to the Sokoto Caliphate around 1829. Ilorin subsequently became an important centre for the spread of Islam in Yorubaland.
Historical accounts of Ilorin's mosques record early worship sites including the Agbarigidoma Mosque, established as an open-air mosque in 1741, and the Munambai Mosque, established in 1811. Friday congregational prayers were held at several sites between 1820 and 1870; the Idi Ape Mosque became the permanent central mosque in 1870.
Christian missionary activity in Ilorin dates to 1855, when the American Baptist missionary J. Bowen made an early attempt to establish a mission. Christian congregations and schools later developed in the city. Churches in Ilorin include Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, Baptist, Cherubim and Seraphim, Celestial Church of Christ, Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA), Pentecostal and Seventh-day Adventist congregations.
In the 19th century, Friday prayers were held at a succession of mosques in Ilorin, including Shaikh Alimi Mosque, Munambai Mosque, Makana Mosque and Idi Ape Mosque. Idi Ape was selected as the permanent central mosque in 1870. In 1974, the ninth Emir of Ilorin, Alhaji Zulukarnaini Gambari, led fundraising for a new central mosque. Its foundation was laid on 30 April 1977, and the mosque was completed and opened in 1981.
In 2007, the 11th Emir, Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari, established a committee with Abubakar Bukola Saraki and other officials to plan the mosque's rehabilitation and expansion. Renovation work was carried out from 2009 to 2012. The mosque has 99 domes and four minarets.
Ilorin is home to two universities, the University of Ilorin, popularly known as Unilorin, and Al-Hikmah University Ilorin. The Federal Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, which operates a research farm, is also located near the city. Teacher-training colleges and a vocational trade school also serve Ilorin. Health services include a number of government, private, and religious hospitals and a nursing home for the elderly.
It is also home to the following educational institutions:
Ilorin was founded by the Yoruba, one of the three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria, in the late 18th century. It became a provincial military settlement within the Oyo Empire until 1817, when the local Kakanfo (field marshal) named Afonja rebelled, supported by the Fulani Shehu Alimi, an itinerant Islamic preacher and teacher. Their alliance eventually broke down over the promise made by Afonja to Shehu Alimi during his quest to overtake the Oyo Empire and make Shehu Alimi the overseer of the Ilorin territory. However, Alimi's son Abd al-Salam eventually became the first ruler after the Demise of Afonja and Shehu Alimi and pledged allegiance to the Sokoto Caliphate in 1823. The Oyo Empire and its Borgawa allies marched against Ilorin circa 1835, trying to reclaim its former glory, but were decisively defeated; this marked the end of Oyo. Abd al-Salam led the jihad toward the sea but was ultimately stopped at Oshogbo in 1840 by the army of Ibadan.
Throughout the 19th century, Ilorin served as a major trade node between the Hausa/Fulani and the Yoruba. It strongly resisted British rule, but was occupied by the Royal Niger Company in 1897 and its lands were incorporated into the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900. With the subdivision of the country’s administrative regions in 1967, Ilorin became part of West Central (later Kwara) state.
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