The Battle of Rovine took place on 17 May 1395. The Wallachian army led by Voivod Mircea the Elder opposed the Ottoman invasion personally led by Sultan Bayezid I the Thunderbolt. The Turkish force heavily outnumbered the Wallachian troops.
The legend says that on the eve of the battle, dressed as a peace emissary, Mircea cel Bătrân talked to Bayezid asking him to leave Wallachia and promised him safe passage back. The Sultan proudly insisted on fighting and later suffered a humiliating loss.
Location
Idris Bitlisi referred to the battlefield as a "mountainous and dangerous place", but most sources suggest the battle occurred near the Argeș River.
Battle
During the battle, a key tactical role was played by the Wallachian archers who severely depleted the Ottoman ranks during their initial attack. Bayezid's vassals, the Serbian lords Stefan Lazarević and Marko Mrnjavčević, two of the greatest knights of the time, participated and fought bravely; Stefan showed great courage, Marko was killed in action.
An alternative historical view is that the dramatic confrontation lasted not just a single day, but an entire week, being in the first stage of a war of positions. The fierce battle ended with heavy casualties for both sides, eventually, each army withdrew from the battlefield. Although the Wallachians pushed back the enemy, the Ottomans were able to defend their resulting position, relying on the personal guard of the Sultan composed of Janissaries. This was the impregnable position of the Ottoman defence a year later, in the famous Battle of Nicopolis. This tactical innovation became a fundamental element of the Ottoman war strategies until the 18th century. The army of Mircea, sustaining heavy casualties and unable to break the defense of the Sultan's camp, was finally obliged to withdraw. Because the Ottoman Empire was not able to conquer Wallachia at this time, Rovine remains one of the most important battles in Romanian history.
An epic description of the confrontation is presented in the poem "Scrisoarea a III-a" ("The Third Letter") written by the Romanian national poet, Mihai Eminescu. The Dečani chronicle describes the battle and reports that Prince Marko and Constantine Dragaš died fighting. The same source mentions that Marko's brother, Andreja Mrnjavčević, also perished during the fight.
Result
Some historians record the battle as a Wallachian victory, whereas Tony Jaques, Halil İnalcık, Şerif Baştav and Jean Sedlar state the battle was an Ottoman victory. Other sources state the battle may have been inconclusive.
In the aftermath of the battle, news of victory for the Wallachians reached the Kingdom of Hungary, in Buda, and king Sigismund of Luxembourg was informed about it. The king went on to send his own version of the battle throughout Europe, making him appear as the victor of Mircea's battle, even though he didn't participate and didn't send any troops to help Mircea. Thus, the battle was mentioned in the chronicle of the French monk and cantor Michel Pintoin, author of a history of the reign of Charles VI of France. In his work, it is written that after news of victory had reached the king of France from Venice in July 1395, the king was overjoyed to hear this and the next day attended, alongside his family and high nobles, a Te Deum religious service in Notre Dame, where the church bells also rang, in order to thank God for this victory.