Founding
city and main seaport of Peru
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Callao (Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈʝa.o]) is a seaside city and constitutional province in Peru. Located next to the Pacific Ocean, it forms part of the Lima metropolitan area alongside Lima province. Its autonomous status dates back to 1836, when it was declared a Littoral Province of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, after which it was declared a Constitutional Province by the government of Ramón Castilla in 1857.
Callao is Peru's chief seaport and home to its main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport. Founded in 1537 by the Spaniards, the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Spanish America and the Pacific, having been a vital Spanish town of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Central Callao is about 15 km (9.3 mi) west of the Historic Centre of Lima.
The name of the city and province is derived from callao, a nautical Spanish term for a pebble, replaced today by guijarro. It had been previously believed that the word was of Native origin, possibly Quechua or Aymara in origin. Proponents of this theory included a number of prominent historians of the 19th and 20th centuries, including Manuel de Mendiburu, Carlos Romero, and Ricardo Palma, among others.
Interest in the etymology of both the city and its demonym increased due to a campaign launched by El Callao, a newspaper then headed by M. Darío Arrús. It was during this campaign that Ricardo Palma suggested that the word had its origin in the Native words calla (coast) or chalhua (to fish). This claim was supported by the terms cala (a local word also used to describe fishing as an activity) and chala (port), the latter of which would give origin to the term Challahaque, which would then be bastardised into chalaco. He concluded, however, that the term was European in origin, due to its description in the Diccionario Histórico-Geográfico de la América Meridional, a 1771 book by the Venetian Jesuit Juan Domingo Coleti. Described as "Callao (Callaum-calavia)", the latter term (calavia) was the term for ballast used by Italian fishermen at the time.
In addition to the above, Pedro Paz Soldán's Diccionario de Peruanismos cites a similar origin. The definition provided by Augustinian priest Bernabé Torres in 1667, which made a specific mention of the rocky coastline, was ultimately considered decisive for the determination of the word's origin.
Prior to its definitive name, other terms for the port included: Puerto de Santa María, Puerto de La Mar (used in Lima), Puerto de la Ciudad de los Reyes, Callao de Lima, and Puerto y Callao de la mar. It appeared for the first time with the name of Callao de la Mar in 1558, and the name of Puerto del Callao had been defined by 1586. In 1630, it was named by Bernabé Cobo as the "Port and City of Callao" (Spanish: Pueblo y Puerto del Callao).
Residents of Callao are known as chalacos after the Quechua word Chala, meaning coast.
The oldest traces of human occupation of Callao date back more than 10,000 years and are the stone workshops on Chivateros Hill. Throughout the pre-Inca period, various peoples settled in the area, primarily dedicated to fishing. In the mid-15th century, the territory of Callao was annexed to the Inca Empire, with the Inca Palace of Oquendo being one of its strategic centres.
Callao had been settled by Spaniards in 1535, when in January of that year the ships that the conquistador Pedro de Alvarado sold to Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro landed in the port. Later that same month, the city of Lima (then called Los Reyes) was established. On 6 March 1537, the Spaniard Diego Ruiz obtained a license to inaugurate a tambo (an administrative structure with supplies) in the port of Lima. In 1555, the construction of the first Spanish neighbourhood began.
In 1556, Viceroy Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza appointed Francisco López as the port's first mayor. The Lima city council recognized him by presenting him with the staff of justice, a symbol of his municipal authority. However, the first municipal authority of the port was Cristóbal Garzón, who served as "Port Constable," having been appointed by the "Chief Constable of Lima," Juan Astudillo Montenegro. He also oversaw the adjacent lands of Daniel Gustavo Fonseca Arroyo, a landowner in Callao's countryside.
Due to its status as the main port of the Viceroyalty of Peru, it was a constant target of pirate and privateer attacks. In 1579, English pirate Francis Drake violently attacked the port, and in 1624, the Dutchman Jacques l'Hermite did the same. In response, the Spanish government ordered the construction of defensive walls around the city, which were erected between 1634 and 1647. These defensive installations reached their culmination in October 1747 with the start of construction on the Real Felipe Fortress, the first phase of which was completed in 1773.
On the 1635 map by cartographer Guiljelmus Blaeuw (1571–1638), it is listed as the Villa del Callao (V. del Callao), just as Lima appears as "Los Reyes" or Villa de Lima ("V. Lima"). Due to its proximity to the Peruvian capital, it was colloquially known by the Spanish as the Port of Lima or as Callao de Lima, a situation that was abandoned as the territory of Callao grew naturally and, like many European cities, developed to achieve city status in 1671.
Following this upgrade, it soon became the main port for Spanish commerce in the Pacific. At the height of the viceroyalty, virtually all goods produced in the Lower Peru, Upper Peru, and the River Plate were carried over the Andes by mule to Callao, to be shipped to Panama, carried overland, and then transported on to Spain via Cuba. The port of Callao was also a node in the Manila galleon route connecting America and Asia through Acapulco and Manila.
A number of natural disasters claimed many lives and caused widespread destruction in the port. Among the most devastating was the earthquake of 28 October 1746, which was accompanied by a tsunami that destroyed the city and decimated its population. Of the five thousand people who lived in Callao, only 200 survived. In response to this disaster and seeking to prevent its recurrence, Viceroy José Manso de Velasco, the 1st Count of Superunda, founded the city of Bellavista on a plain three kilometers inland. However, this did not cause the residents of Callao to abandon their original location on the seashore. In 1780, direct trade between Manila, Philippines at Asia; and Callao, Peru; in South America, was officially approved by the Spanish King, and organized by the Royal Philippine Company, leading to much immigration of Filipinos to Peru and Peruvians to the Philippines.
Callao took great importance during the Peruvian War of Independence since it not only controlled the traffic of goods, but also the use of the military fleet. In that sense, it changed hands several times, and in 1821, the first capture of the Real Felipe Fortress by the troops under the command of General José de San Martín took place. Following the Battle of Ayacucho on 9 December 1824, that sealed the independence of Peru and South America, Spain made unsuccessful attempts to retain its former territories. One of these attempts led to a 13-month siege by nationalist forces backed by Simón Bolívar, concluding in 1826 with the surrender of the fortress to General Bartolomé Salom by General José Ramón Rodil.
In a session on 8 March 1834, the National Convention presided over by Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro decorated the port as "The Faithful and Generous City of Callao, Asylum of the Laws and Liberty," as a reward for defending the government of General Luis José de Orbegoso against the coup attempts of General Pedro Pablo Bermúdez. The province last belonged to the department of Lima in 1836, after which it would be allowed an autonomy that has since remained.
The Littoral Province of Callao (Spanish: Provincia Litoral del Callao) was created on 20 August 1836. Its creation was ordered by Andrés de Santa Cruz, then Protector of North Peru, a newly created state that would become a constituent country of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation later that year. As a littoral province, it operated under a special autonomous regime separate from the country's departments, but equal in status to them.
The Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858 saw the troops of provisional president Ramón Castilla face of against those of Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco due to ideological differences regarding the constitution at the time. On the night of 21 April 1857, an attack by Vivanco's troops on the port of Callao continued into the morning of the next day, where they were defeated by local pro-government militias. This action led to Castilla again changing the province's status.
The Constitutional Province of Callao (Spanish: Provincia Constitucional del Callao) was the new name under given to the province by Castilla. Like its predecessor, it meant that the province was independent of any department, but equal in status to them. The difference was in name only: all of the other provinces had been given their names by law, while this had been granted through a constitutional mandate. The new province's first mayor was Colonel Manuel Cipriano Dulanto.
Between 1850 and 1851, the Lima-Callao railway, the second in South America, began operating. This railway departed from the port and ran along the entire length of Colonial Avenue to San Juan de Dios Station. There was also another, smaller railway, called "El Urbanito," which only transported people within the port itself. Callao was a pioneer in urban health and safety, and on 5 December 1860, the first fire company in Peru, the Unión Chalaca No. 1, was inaugurated in its jurisdiction.
In 1864, following an incident which led to the death of a Spaniard one year prior, the Spanish Navy occupied the Chincha Islands, leading to a military confrontation that would last from 1865 to 1871. On 2 May 1866, a battle between the forces of Spanish Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez and those of Peruvian Colonel Mariano Ignacio Prado and José Gálvez Egúsquiza took place in the coast of Callao. The latter, then Minister of War, was killed in action and subsequently commemorated as a war hero.
During the War of the Pacific, Callao was one of the populated places near Lima that were occupied by Chilean troops in early 1881. On the 17 of January of the same year, the Peruvian fleet was scuttled on site, and the port city surrendered the following day.
In 1921, the Bureau of Public Works granted a concession to M.I.T. engineer John Tinker Glidden for paving, administering, and inaugurating a public cart road between Callao and Lima, further coalescing a metropolitan area between both cities.
On the afternoon of 28 April 1947, the Kon-Tiki, a raft crewed by a team led by Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl left Callao. By 1949, the city was known as one of the biggest centers of coca-based products and cocaine traffic in the world.
Callao was one of many places affected by the period of terrorism and instability that began in 1980. On June 19, 1986, the Peruvian government executed a number of prisoners in the penal colony of El Frontón. On July 5, 1989, a terrorist attack targeting members of the Soviet Navy injured 33 people in total.
On 15 April 2014, the Congress of Peru approved that Mi Perú, then a district of Lima province's district of Ventanilla, become a new district of Callao.
In January 2022, the province was affected by an oil spill caused by abnormal waves provoked by the volcanic eruption in Tonga earlier that same day.
Local government affairs are divided into two levels. Regional matters are handled by the Regional Government of Callao, whose headquarters are located in front of the Jorge Chávez International Airport. Affairs such as city cleaning, promoting of sports and basic services are handled by the Provincial Municipality of Callao, which is headquartered in the Callao District. Also, each of the six districts has its own municipal government, which handles matters in their respective jurisdictional areas.
Since 2023, the incumbent mayor is Pedro Spadaro. The mayor of Callao represents both the province and the district.
Callao is divided into seven districts, each of which is headed by a mayor.
The rest of Callao Region is composed of the islands of San Lorenzo, El Frontón, Cavinzas and Palomino, which all together have an area of 17.63 km2 (6.81 sq mi).
Callao is built on and around the Peninsula of La Punta, where the district of the same name (and wealthy residential neighborhood) is located. The peninsula separates the bays of Miraflores and Callao.
Text from the Wikipedia article “Callao”, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.