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Tiraspol (Romanian pronunciation: [tiˈraspol], Moldovan Cyrillic: Тираспол; also Tirișpolea, Тиришполя; Russian: Тирасполь, romanized: Tiraspol', [tʲɪˈraspəlʲ]; Ukrainian: Тирасполь, romanized: Tyraspol', [tɪˈrɑspolʲ]) is the capital and largest city of Transnistria, a breakaway state of Moldova, where it is the second-largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of culture, economy, tourism, and light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production.
The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian generalissimo Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups. The city celebrates its anniversary every year on 14 October.
The toponym consists of two ancient Greek words: Τύρας, Tyras, the Ancient name for the Dniester River, and polis, i.e., a city (state).
Historical affiliations
- Republic of Moldova 1991–present (de jure)
- Transnistria 1990–present (de facto)
- USSR 1944–1991
- Kingdom of Romania 1941–1944
- USSR 1922–1941
- Ukrainian SSR 1921–1922
- Ukrainian People's Republic 1917-1919
- Russian Republic 1917
- Russian Empire 1792–1917
Tyras (Τύρας), also spelled Tiras, was a colony of the Greek city Miletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated some 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times, in the second century BC it fell under the dominion of indigenous kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the Thracian Getae about 50 BC.
In 56 AD, the Romans restored the city and made it part of the colonial province of Lower Moesia. A series of its coins exist that feature heads of Roman emperors from Domitian to Severus Alexander. Soon after the time of the latter, the city was destroyed again, this time by the invasion of the Goths. Its government was in the hands of five archons, a senate, a popular assembly, and a registrar. The images on its coins from this period suggest a trade in wheat, wine, and fish. The few inscriptions extant are mostly concerned with trade.
Such ancient archaeological remains are scanty, as the city site was built over by the great medieval fortress of Monocastro or Akkerman. In the Late Middle Ages, the area around of modern Tiraspol became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lithuanians, unable to settle their vast state on their own, allowed Moldavian settlement in the area.
The Russian Empire conquered its way to the Dniester River, taking territory from the Ottoman Empire. In 1792 the Russian army built fortifications to guard the western border near a Moldavian village named Sucleia. Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov is considered the founder of modern Tiraspol; his statue is the city's most distinctive landmark. The city took its name from Tyras, the Greek name of the Dniester River on which it stands. It was granted city rights in 1795.
In 1828, the Russian government established a customs house in Tiraspol to try to suppress smuggling. The customs house was subordinated to the chief of the Odesa customs region. It began operations with 14 employees. They inspected shipments of bread, paper, oil, wine, sugar, fruits and other goods.
In December 1917, Tiraspol hosted a congress of Transnistrian Moldovans, at which they wished to unite the city with Bessarabia.
After the Russian Revolution, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created in Ukraine in 1924, with Balta as its capital. The republic had Romanian, Ukrainian and Russian as its official languages. Its capital was moved in 1929 to Tiraspol, which remained the capital of the Moldavian ASSR until 1940.
In 1940, following the secret provisions of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the USSR forced Romania to cede Bessarabia. It integrated Tiraspol, until then part of the Moldavian ASSR, into the newly formed Moldavian SSR. On 7 August 1941, following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, the city was taken over by Romanian troops. Later that month, on 19 August, the Tiraspol Agreement establishing the Transnistria Governorate was signed. During the occupation, Tiraspol was under Romanian administration. During that period almost all of its Jewish population died: they were slain in situ or deported to German Nazi death camps, and killed there.
In 1941, before the occupation, the newspaper Dnestrovskaya Pravda was founded by the Tiraspol City Council of popular deputies. This is the oldest periodical publication in the region. On 12 April 1944, the city was retaken by the Red Army and became again part of the Moldavian SSR.
According to a 1991 figure by Moldova's Ministry of National Security (now the Security and Intelligence Service, SIS), of the 5,485 people who were sentenced to death in the territory of modern Moldova during totalitarian communist rule, over 4,000 of them were executed in Tiraspol, in the city's fortress, in 1937 and 1938 alone, during the Great Purge.
Tiraspol had a substantial Jewish community by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In 1926, 6,398 Jews lived in the city, comprising 29.1 percent of its population. During the Soviet period many Jewish residents worked as artisans, some of whom were organized into cooperatives. Two Yiddish-language schools operated in the city, including a vocational school. Migration from nearby villages and smaller towns contributed to the growth of the community during the interwar period. On the eve of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, approximately 12,000 Jews lived in Tiraspol, constituting about one-quarter of the city's population.
German and Romanian forces occupied Tiraspol on 8 August 1941. An unknown number of Jews evacuated or fled eastward before the occupation. Most of those who remained were murdered by German forces during the first days of the occupation, while a small number survived with the assistance of local Christians who concealed them. On 1 September, after Tiraspol was incorporated into the Romanian-administered Transnistria Governorate, the city passed under Romanian administration. From September 1941 it became an important transit point for thousands of Jews deported by Romanian authorities into Transnistria, many of whom were subsequently sent onward to ghettos and camps in the interior of the governorate.
By the summer of 1942, approximately 100 Jews were living in Tiraspol, including 30 to 40 artisans brought from other ghettos to work for Romanian authorities. They were concentrated in a former hospital building, which became the Tiraspol ghetto. The building and its garden were enclosed by fencing and barbed wire. Additional deportees subsequently entered the city, and the population of the ghetto gradually increased to approximately 800 by 1943–1944.
Romanian authorities established sewing workshops, a shoemaker's workshop, a small soap factory and a barbershop in the ghetto. The prisoners developed an extensive system of communal assistance: workers contributed part of their earnings to a common fund that supported a communal kitchen, while a small clinic and dental service were established. Vegetables were cultivated in the former hospital garden, and the comparatively good sanitation prevented a major typhus epidemic. The ghetto also maintained a prayer room and obtained a Torah scroll and a shofar. Because conditions were better than at many other places of detention in Transnistria, Tiraspol became a refuge for some Jews who managed to transfer there from other ghettos and camps.
In addition to the ghetto, Romanian authorities operated several forced-labour facilities in Tiraspol. One workshop employed about 400 Jews repairing military uniforms, another employed approximately 100 Jews handling goods destined for Romania, and a vehicle-repair facility employed about 100 Jewish men brought from Mogilev. Several hundred Jewish prisoners were also held in the city's prison, including inmates transferred from the Slivina camp.
As the Red Army approached in March 1944, Romanian gendarmes issued permits allowing the ghetto inhabitants to leave. Between 17 and 19 March, the Jews of Tiraspol crossed the Dniester together with other deportees returning from southern Transnistria. After the Romanian withdrawal, German forces took control of the city and executed numerous prisoners in the local prison, including Jews. Soviet forces recaptured Tiraspol on 12 April 1944.
On 27 January 1990, the citizens in Tiraspol passed a referendum declaring the city as an independent territory. The nearby city of Bendery also declared its independence from Moldova. As the Russian-speaking independence movement gained momentum, some local governments banded together to resist pressure from the Moldovan government for nationalization.
On 2 September 1990, Tiraspol was proclaimed the capital of the new Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. The new republic was not officially recognized by Soviet authorities; however, it received support from some important Soviet leaders, such as Anatoly Lukyanov. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the territory east of the Dniester River declared independence as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), with Tiraspol as its capital. It was not recognized by the international community.
On 1 July 2005, the Lucian Blaga Lyceum, a high school with Romanian as its language of instruction, was registered as a Transnistrian non-governmental establishment. The registration of six Romanian language schools has been the subject of negotiations with the government since 2000. The tension increased in the summer of 2004, when the Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed the schools that taught using the Latin script. According to the official PMR view, this is considered as Romanian. "Moldovan", written in the Cyrillic script, is one of the three official languages in the PMR; Romanian is not. Some economic measures and counter-measures were taken on both banks of the Dniester.
Tensions have been seen in terrorist incidents. On 6 July 2006, an explosion, believed to be caused by a bomb, killed at least eight people in a minibus. Later on 13 August, a grenade exploded in a trolleybus, killing two and injuring ten.
On 25 April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several explosions were reported near the Ministry of State Security (Transnistria) in Tiraspol. Firefighters were on the scene but there were no casualties.
On 17 March 2024, Transnistrian official press released a video allegedly showing a Mil Mi-8 helicopter in poor condition and likely not in use, not having been moved in over 13 years at the moment of the explosion, in a military unit in Tiraspol being attacked and destroyed by a kamikaze drone. No victims were reported. Transnistria claimed the drone had been launched from Ukraine from the direction of Odesa, more precisely from a bridge located 5–6 kilometres (3.1–3.7 miles) from the nearest border crossing between Transnistria and Ukraine. Ukraine immediately denied having anything to do with the incident. On the day of the incident, the Bureau for Reintegration of the Republic of Moldova called it an "attempt to provoke panic and fear in the region". Later, on 25 March, the bureau confirmed the explosion of the helicopter was not caused by a drone attack but by "other factors" and that the video contained "obvious elements of video montage". In the video, the drone disappears shortly before the explosion below the helicopter occurs. Reportedly, explosives placed under the helicopter were detonated remotely instead.
On 8 January 2025, during the 2025 Moldovan energy crisis, a woman in Tiraspol died from carbon monoxide poisoning after using a gas water heater to shower without having a chimney.
Tiraspol features a humid continental climate that closely borders an oceanic climate and has transitional features of the humid subtropical climate due to its warm summers. Summers are mild, with average monthly temperatures at around 21 °C (70 °F) in July and August. Winters are cold, with average temperatures in the coldest month (January) at −2.7 °C (27 °F). Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year, though there is a noticeable increase in monthly precipitation in June and July. Tiraspol on average sees nearly 500 mm (20 in) of precipitation per year.
The population of the city was about 190,000 in 1989 and about 203,000 in 1992. 41% were Russians, 32% Ukrainians (both Eastern Slavic) and 18% were Moldovans (Romanians).
Text from the Wikipedia article “Tiraspol”, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.