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Founding
Founding of Komárno
town in Slovakia
- 1075
- Europe
Founding
town in Slovakia
Fetching the article from Wikipedia…
Komárno (pronunciationⓘ; Hungarian: Komárom, German: Komorn, Serbian: Коморан/Komoran), colloquially also called Révkomárom, Öregkomárom, Észak-Komárom in Hungarian, is a town in Slovakia at the confluence of the Danube and the Váh rivers. Historically, it was formed by the "old town" on the left bank of the Danube, present-day Komárno in Slovakia, and by a "new town" on the right bank, present-day Komárom in Hungary, which were historically one administrative unit. Following World War I and the Treaty of Trianon, the border of the newly created Czechoslovakia cut the historical, unified town in half, creating two new independent towns in two countries. Komárno and Komárom are connected by the Elisabeth Bridge, which used to be an official border crossing between Slovakia and Hungary until border checks were lifted due to the Schengen Area rules. In 2020, a new road bridge was opened.
Komárno is Slovakia's principal port on the Danube. It is also the center of the Hungarian community in Slovakia, which makes up 56.69% (2021 census) of the town's population. The town is the historic seat of the Serbian national minority in Slovakia.
The municipality lies at an altitude of 109 metres (358 ft) and covers an area of 102.80 km2 (39.69 sq mi) ().
The name is of Slavic or Latin origin. The first interpretation is straightforward – the name consists of two parts: komár (Slavic/Slovak: a mosquito) and an ending -no (a place name). Thus, Komárom means "a place with many mosquitos", reflecting a location in a swampy area near the Danube. According to another theory, the name could be derived from Latin commercium (a trade center).
One disputed record of the name of the settlement can be dated back to 1075 as Camarum. Further documents mention the settlement as Kamarn(iensis) / Komarn(iense) (1218), Kamarum (1266), Camarum (1268), Kamar (1283), and many others, e.g., Camaron, Comaron (between 1372 and 1498). Villa Camarun was one of the 23 settlements belonging to the domain of the Komárom castle.
The Hungarian name for the town is historically Komárom. Since the town has been split, the more colloquial names Révkomárom (Komárom Port), Öregkomárom (Old Komárom), and Észak-Komárom (North Komárom) are used to distinguish it from the town on the Hungarian side, which is simply called Komárom.
Komárno, located at the confluence of the Danube (rom. Ister) and Váh rivers, 108 – 115 meters above sea level, is an old settlement. Findings stem from the Neolithic, Eneolithic period, the Bronze Age. Many archaeological remains found throughout the region surrounding Komárom indicate the area was settled by the Celts toward the end of the 1st Century BC.
During the 1st century AD, the Roman Empire extended its frontiers over the region, forming the province of Pannonia (present day Transdanubia). Here, the Romans, on the southern shore of the Danube, established the military camp and the settlement Brigetio. A chain of fortifications built along the Danube shores protected the camp and town. On the northern shore of the Danube, the fortified bridgehead of Celemantia (near present-day Iža) was built at the beginning of the 2nd century. Some historians suppose that there was a similar Roman fortress on the site of the Komárno (Brigetio) Castle because of the strategic importance of the place, but excavations have not yet proved this theory. The Romans remained in Pannonia until the end of the 4th century, when they were gradually pushed out by the strengthening attacks of barbarian tribes.
Gothic, Slavic, and Avar findings have been excavated here from the 7th and 8th centuries AD. After the collapse of the Avar empire at the end of the 8th century, Komárno had remained one of the last resorts of the Avars. The most significant Avar findings are the so-called Shipyard-graves. They are one of the most significant Avar findings in the Carpathian Basin with 153 graves dated from the 7th to 9th century.
In the early 10th century, the territory came under the rule of the Magyar tribes. According to the medieval chronicle Gesta Hungarorum, one of the Magyar tribal chieftains, Ketel, established his domain near the mouth of the Váh river, his son Alaptolma later built a castle there and named it Komárom. Two-thirds of their people settled around the castle. Both Ketel and Alaptolma were buried in Komárom according to the pagan fashion. Soon after, during the time of the formation of the Hungarian State in the age of Stephen I, the fortified settlement with its castle became the center of the Komárom county. The factual accuracy of the Gesta Hungarorum is often disputed, and according to excavations, the present-day Komárom Castle was built only in the 12th century.
King Béla IV, in his charter of 1 April 1265, granted the settlement town status and privileges. These privileges contributed to the development of medieval Komárom, helping it establish a flourishing trade market and craft industry. Medieval Komárom prospered, especially under the reign of Mathias Corvinus. He built a Renaissance palace within the castle complex and frequented it for rest and pleasure. Mathias Corvinus also established the royal Danube flotilla, which used the town as its main base during the Ottoman wars. In the 16th century, Komárom became one of the centers of defense for the Habsburg Empire against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. During the middle of the 16th century, under the reign of Ferdinand I, the medieval castle was rebuilt into a well-defensible fortification. However, it was occupied by Ottomans between 1594 and 1599. The rebuilt fortification became known as the Old Fortress when, in the 17th century, it was enlarged and expanded to form the New Fortress. In 1663, Komárom became the seat of the Captaincy of Lower Hungary. Both the Old and New Fortresses successfully resisted the attacks of the Turkish army during the course of the Turkish wars. In the 18th century, after the end of the Turkish wars and expulsion of the Turks from the region, Komárom, one of the biggest towns in the country, again began to flourish. Maria Theresa's charter of 16 March 1745 granted Komárom the status and privilege of a free royal town. Komárom was soon influenced by the Baroque styles that represented and characterized the Habsburg Empire and its territories. The local nobles and burgers built palaces, and the newly arrived Trinitarians, Franciscans, and Jesuits built churches.
During the 18th century, Komárom experienced many natural disasters, including floods, fires, earthquakes, and cholera and plague epidemics. Most notable of these natural disasters were the two earthquakes that destroyed the town in 1763 and 1783. Despite these calamities, Komárom continued to be an important center for trade and crafts until the middle of the 19th century. Beginning in the early 19th century, the fortifications surrounding Komárom underwent extensive reconstruction. The reconstruction was interrupted by the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Komárom played a significant role in the revolution, remaining the last bastion of the Hungarian resistance against the Austrians until 1849, when the fortress and town were finally surrendered. Captain György Klapka handed over the fortress to the Austrians only after a statement that for every person in the fortress, a free withdrawal and a passport would be granted. The town was destroyed by the Austrian bombardment and left destitute. During the years of Austrian absolutism, Komárom quickly became a strategic military base. Various military buildings were constructed, and in 1876, reconstruction of the fortification system was completed. The town itself only slowly recovered from the destruction of the war. It lost its former economic importance and influence as a major town of the region.
Komárom's recovery began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, when construction of iron bridges across the Danube and Váh began, as well as the first railway lines linking Komárom to the rest of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It soon became an important transport junction, attracting industry and trade. In 1896, the town of Újszőny on the south side of the Danube was combined with Komárom, allowing the town to expand its territory and development across the Danube.
With the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War, Komárno found itself under new rule. The forming of Czechoslovakia, whose natural border in the south became the River Danube, separated Komárno from its southern half. In 1919 (confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920), the territory to the north of the Danube was ceded to Czechoslovakia, with the territory to the south of the Danube remaining in Hungary. The town on the northern shore was renamed to Komárno (today the Slovak name of the town), and in 1923 it was reduced from a county seat to a district seat. Although this resulted in a dramatic change in the national composition of Komárno, the majority remained Hungarian.
In fact, Komárno became the centre of cultural and social life of the Hungarians in Czechoslovakia. In 1938, under the First Vienna Award of that year, Komárno (now again as Komárom) was 'returned' to the Kingdom of Hungary. Its former name and status of town and county seat of the Komárom county were restored. At the onset of the Second World War, Komárno/Komárom became a military centre for the Germans and eventually the frontline for the Germans defending the oil refineries to the south. Although there was no heavy fighting in the Komárom area, it was bombarded several times. The bridges connecting the two territories were destroyed, and most of the territory lying on the south bank of the Danube lay in ruins. After the war, the territory on the north bank of the Danube became part of Czechoslovakia again, and the town's name was changed to Komárno. After the war, large-scale reconstruction of Komárno's industries began. The reconstruction of the SLKB Komarno - Slovak Shipyard Komárno, the town's largest industrial facility, was completed in 1950 and greatly promoted the economic development of the town. New factories were constructed on the west side of town near the shipyard, creating a new industrial district. An urban development plan was implemented as well. Residential districts were created with new housing estates, and wide roads were laid across the town.
The two towns used to be a border crossing between Czechoslovakia (today Slovakia) and Hungary, until both countries became part of the Schengen Area, resulting in all immigration and customs checks being lifted on 12 December 2007.
Komárno and Komárom are connected by three bridges: The older Elizabeth bridge, built in 1892, a railway bridge, and the newly built Monostor bridge, completed in 2020. There is a lifting bridge over the harbour.
The majority of the historical and cultural sites, including the town center of the former Komárom, have been well preserved and remain so to this day.
Text from the Wikipedia article “Komárno”, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.