Founding
capital of the county of Giurgiu, Romania
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Giurgiu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdʒjurdʒju] ⓘ; Bulgarian: Гюргево, romanized: Gyurgevo; Turkish: Yergöğü) is a city in southern Romania. The seat of Giurgiu County, it lies in the historical region of Muntenia. It is situated amongst mud-flats and marshes on the left bank of the Danube facing the Bulgarian city of Ruse on the opposite bank. It is one of six Romanian county seats lying on the river Danube. Three small islands face the city, and a larger one shelters its port, Smarda. The rich grain-growing land to the north is traversed by a railway to Bucharest, the first line opened in Romania, which was built in 1869 and afterwards extended to Smarda. In the past, Giurgiu exported timber, grain, salt and petroleum, and imported coal, iron, and textiles.
The Giurgiu-Ruse Friendship Bridge, in the shared Bulgarian-Romanian section of the Danube, crosses the river in the outskirts of the city.
The area around Giurgiu was densely populated at the time of the Dacians (1st century BC) as archeological evidence shows, and Burebista's capital was in this area (it is thought to be in Popești on the Argeș River). During Roman times this was the site of Theodorapolis, a city built by the Roman emperor Justinian (483–565).
The city of Giurgiu was probably established in the 14th century as a port on the Danube by the Genoese merchant adventurers, who established a bank and traded in silks and velvets.
One theory is that they called the city after the patron saint of Genoa, San Giorgio (Saint George), however Nicolae Iorga disputes this theory, arguing that Giurgiu is just an old Romanian form of George.
It was first mentioned in Codex Latinus Parisinus in 1395, during the reign of Mircea the Elder, and was conquered by the Ottomans in 1420 as a way to control the Danube traffic. The Ottomans named the city Yergöğü, as if from yer 'earth' + gök 'sky,' but the name was probably given because of the similarity between the pronunciations of "(San) Giorgio" and "Yergöğü".
As a fortified city, Giurgiu figured often in the wars for the conquest of the lower Danube. It was the site of the October 1595 Battle of Giurgiu, and figured in the struggle of Michael the Brave (1593–1601) against the Turks and in the later Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). It was burned in 1659. In 1771, the Ottomans built the historic Giurgiu Clocktower as a surveillance tower for Danube traffic. In 1829, its fortifications were finally razed, the only defence left being a castle on the island of Slobozia, connected to the shore by a bridge.
In 1952–1954, during the Communist regime, the Soviet Union helped build the bridge between Giurgiu and Ruse, The Friendship Bridge, a bridge on the Danube linking Romania and Bulgaria.
Sephardi Jewish merchants came to Giurgiu from the Balkans in the 1820s and Ashkenazi Jews settled later, leading to communal disputes. A 70-member Zionist group was formed in 1899. A joint Jewish school opened in 1878, with 60 pupils in 1910. The Jewish population by that point was 533, or 4% of the total. By 1930, their number had fallen to 207, or 0.7%. Jews were forced to forfeit their property to the Iron Guard in 1941 and at least half of the 113 Jews living there that year left. A community existed after World War II.
According to the 2021 census, Giurgiu had a population of 54,551; of those, 81.5% were Romanians and 4.05% Roma.
Giurgiu is administered by a mayor, Adrian-Valentin Anghelescu of the National Liberal Party (in office since October 2020) and a city council consisting of 21 councilors which has the following political composition, based on the results of the 2024 local elections:
According to an OECD economic survey from 2023, Giurgiu County ranks 42nd (last) amongst Romanian counties and the one special-status city, Bucharest, with a GDP of $2.28 billion USD, and last in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) with $5.825 billion USD. Given the 2021 census count of 262,066 residents for Giurgiu County, this roughly translates into a GDP of ~$8,649 USD per capita, ranking 40th out of 42.
The local economy of Giurgiu is defined primarily by its geographic location along the Danube River and its position on the border between Romania and Bulgaria. The city serves as a transit and freight hub, centered on the Giurgiu–Ruse Friendship Bridge and the port infrastructure along the river. The local economy includes logistics, river transport, commercial services, light manufacturing, and food processing. Following the restructuring of state-owned industrial enterprises in the 1990s, the municipal economic base shifted toward small and medium-sized businesses, commerce, and service provision.
The economic activity of the city is also structured around the Giurgiu Free Zone (Administrația Zonei Libere Giurgiu). Established in 1996, the zone covers an area of approximately ~160 hectares on the Danube. The territory provides infrastructure for industrial production, commercial operations, and storage, featuring port access, customs facilities, and land concessions for foreign (mostly Bulgarian and Serbian) and domestic investors.
Giurgiu is twinned with:
Text from the Wikipedia article “Giurgiu”, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.